tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-84016142608013072482024-03-06T00:26:57.876+01:00How ToUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger173125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-28981447040204306382021-03-09T06:34:00.004+01:002021-03-09T06:34:46.396+01:00How to fix yum after CentOS 6 went EOL<p dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"> If for whatever reason, you are stuck with the now <abbr class="nocode" data-original-title="End Of Life" title="">EOL</abbr> version of the CentOS operating system, you can no longer run <code>yum upgrade</code> successfully. Running <code>yum upgrade</code> in CentOS 6 will yield the following results:</p><p dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><blockquote dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"><p><span style="background-color: #cccccc;">Setting up Upgrade Process<br />YumRepo Error: All mirror <abbr class="nocode" data-original-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" title="">URL</abbr>s are not using ftp, http[s] or file.<br />Eg. Invalid release/repo/arch combination/<br />removing mirrorlist with no valid mirrors: /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/base/mirrorlist.txt<br />Error: Cannot retrieve repository metadata (repomd.xml) for repository: base. Please verify its path and try again</span></p></blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">Use the CentOS Vault repository :- </h2><p dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">The CentOS Vault repositories have been around for a long time and allow you to stick to a specific CentOS x.y release even while newer ones are available. Now that there will be no newer 6.x, you can simply point your <code>yum</code> repository configuration to the latest 6.x that will ever be, which is 6.10.</p><p dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">To use the Vault repository, set up its repo configuration instead of the now defunct repositories configuration:</p><pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"><code class="language-bash" style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span class="pln">curl https</span><span class="pun">://</span><span class="pln">www</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">getpagespeed</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">com</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">files</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">centos6</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">eol</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">repo </span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">output </span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">etc</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">yum</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">repos</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">d</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="typ">CentOS</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="typ">Base</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">repo</span></code></pre>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-11274574008740005642021-03-01T18:40:00.003+01:002021-03-09T07:38:48.501+01:00How to Setup Caching NameServer on CentOS/RHEL 6/5<p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;"> Caching name servers, also called DNS caches, store DNS query results for a period of time determined in the configuration (time-to-live) of each domain-name record. DNS caches improve the efficiency of the DNS by reducing DNS traffic across the Internet, and by reducing load on authoritative name-servers, particularly root name-servers. Because they can answer questions more quickly, they also increase the performance of end-user applications that use the DNS. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caching_name_server#Recursive_and_caching_name_server" target="_blank">Read more</a></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="background-color: #444444;"><br /></span><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #444444;"><br /></span></p><p data-reader-unique-id="11" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%; text-align: left;">This article will help you to setup caching nameserver on your CentOS/RHEL 6 system.</p><h4 data-reader-unique-id="12" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; margin: 1em 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: left;">Step 1: Install BIND Packages</h4><p data-reader-unique-id="13" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%; text-align: left;">Install bind packages using below command. In CentOS/RHEL 6 chaching-nameserver package has been included with bind package.</p><div class="scrollable extendsBeyondTextColumn" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; margin-inline-start: -0.09375px; max-width: none; overflow-x: scroll; text-align: left; width: 647px; word-wrap: normal;"><pre data-reader-unique-id="14" style="font-family: -apple-system-ui-monospaced, Menlo; font-size: 0.87em; line-height: 1.45em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #999999;"># yum install bind bind-chroot
</span></pre></div><h4 data-reader-unique-id="15" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; margin: 1em 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: left;">Step 2: Create Configuration File</h4><p data-reader-unique-id="16" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%; text-align: left;">Copy bind configuration file from bind sample files using below command. Change the path of files as per version you have installed.</p><div class="scrollable extendsBeyondTextColumn" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; margin-inline-start: -0.09375px; max-width: none; overflow-x: scroll; text-align: left; width: 647px; word-wrap: normal;"><pre data-reader-unique-id="17" style="font-family: -apple-system-ui-monospaced, Menlo; font-size: 0.87em; line-height: 1.45em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #999999;"># cd /var/named/chroot/etc
# cp /usr/share/doc/bind-9.8.2/sample/etc/named.conf .
# cp /usr/share/doc/bind-9.8.2/sample/etc/named.rfc1912.zones .
</span></pre></div><h4 data-reader-unique-id="18" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; margin: 1em 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: left;">Step 3: Update Configuration File</h4><p data-reader-unique-id="19" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%; text-align: left;">Edit bind configuration file in your favorite editor and make necessary changes as per below settings or use below configuration.</p><div class="scrollable extendsBeyondTextColumn" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; margin-inline-start: -0.09375px; max-width: none; overflow-x: scroll; text-align: left; width: 647px; word-wrap: normal;"><pre data-reader-unique-id="20" style="font-family: -apple-system-ui-monospaced, Menlo; font-size: 0.87em; line-height: 1.45em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span><!--more--></span><span style="color: #999999;">#vi /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
</span></span></pre></div><div class="scrollable extendsBeyondTextColumn" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; margin-inline-start: -0.09375px; max-width: none; overflow-x: scroll; text-align: left; width: 647px; word-wrap: normal;"><pre data-reader-unique-id="21" style="font-family: -apple-system-ui-monospaced, Menlo; font-size: 0.87em; line-height: 1.45em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">options {
listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; any; };
listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };
directory "/var/named";
dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";
allow-query { localhost; any; };
allow-query-cache { localhost; any; };
recursion yes;
dnssec-enable yes;
dnssec-validation yes;
dnssec-lookaside auto;
/* Path to ISC DLV key */
bindkeys-file "/etc/named.iscdlv.key";
managed-keys-directory "/var/named/dynamic";
};
logging {
channel default_debug {
file "data/named.run";
severity dynamic;
};
};
include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";
</span></span></pre><pre data-reader-unique-id="21" style="font-family: -apple-system-ui-monospaced, Menlo; font-size: 0.87em; line-height: 1.45em; max-width: 100%;"><span><!--more--></span><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></pre></div><p data-reader-unique-id="22" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%; text-align: left;">Now update required permissions on configuration files using below command.</p><div class="scrollable extendsBeyondTextColumn" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; margin-inline-start: -0.09375px; max-width: none; overflow-x: scroll; text-align: left; width: 647px; word-wrap: normal;"><pre data-reader-unique-id="23" style="font-family: -apple-system-ui-monospaced, Menlo; font-size: 0.87em; line-height: 1.45em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #999999;"># chown root:named named.conf named.rfc1912.zones
</span></pre></div><h4 data-reader-unique-id="24" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; margin: 1em 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: left;">Step 4: Check Configuration File</h4><p data-reader-unique-id="25" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%; text-align: left;">We recommend to check DNS configuration file before restarting service.</p><div class="scrollable extendsBeyondTextColumn" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; margin-inline-start: -0.09375px; max-width: none; overflow-x: scroll; text-align: left; width: 647px; word-wrap: normal;"><pre data-reader-unique-id="26" style="font-family: -apple-system-ui-monospaced, Menlo; font-size: 0.87em; line-height: 1.45em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #999999;"># named-checkconf <orange data-reader-unique-id="27" style="max-width: 100%;">named.conf</orange>
</span></pre></div><h4 data-reader-unique-id="28" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; margin: 1em 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: left;">Step 5: Restart Bind Service</h4><p data-reader-unique-id="29" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%; text-align: left;">Now installation of bind service has been completed. Lets start bind (named) service using following command.</p><div class="scrollable extendsBeyondTextColumn" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; margin-inline-start: -0.09375px; max-width: none; overflow-x: scroll; text-align: left; width: 647px; word-wrap: normal;"><pre data-reader-unique-id="30" style="font-family: -apple-system-ui-monospaced, Menlo; font-size: 0.87em; line-height: 1.45em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #999999;"># service <orange data-reader-unique-id="31" style="max-width: 100%;">named</orange> restart
</span></pre></div><p data-reader-unique-id="32" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%; text-align: left;">Enable auto start bind service on system boot.</p><div class="scrollable extendsBeyondTextColumn" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; margin-inline-start: -0.09375px; max-width: none; overflow-x: scroll; text-align: left; width: 647px; word-wrap: normal;"><pre data-reader-unique-id="33" style="font-family: -apple-system-ui-monospaced, Menlo; font-size: 0.87em; line-height: 1.45em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #999999;"># chkconfig <orange data-reader-unique-id="34" style="max-width: 100%;">named</orange> on
</span></pre></div><h4 data-reader-unique-id="35" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; margin: 1em 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: left;">Step 6: Finally Test Caching Only DNS</h4><p data-reader-unique-id="36" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%; text-align: left;">Send query to your dns server directly using below command.</p><p data-reader-unique-id="37" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%; text-align: left;"><strong data-reader-unique-id="38" style="max-width: 100%;">Syntax:</strong> nslookup <domainname> <caching dns server name/ip></p><div class="scrollable extendsBeyondTextColumn" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; margin-inline-start: -0.09375px; max-width: none; overflow-x: scroll; text-align: left; width: 647px; word-wrap: normal;"><pre data-reader-unique-id="39" style="font-family: -apple-system-ui-monospaced, Menlo; font-size: 0.87em; line-height: 1.45em; max-width: 100%;"><span><span style="background-color: #999999;"># </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #999999;">nslookup yahoo.com 192.168.1.1</span><span style="background-color: #999999;">
</span></span></pre></div><p data-reader-unique-id="40" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%; text-align: left;">[Sample Output:]</p><div class="scrollable extendsBeyondTextColumn" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; margin-inline-start: -0.09375px; max-width: none; overflow-x: scroll; text-align: left; width: 647px; word-wrap: normal;"><pre data-reader-unique-id="41" style="font-family: -apple-system-ui-monospaced, Menlo; font-size: 0.87em; line-height: 1.45em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 0.87em;"><span><!--more--></span></span></pre><pre data-reader-unique-id="41" style="font-family: -apple-system-ui-monospaced, Menlo; font-size: 0.87em; line-height: 1.45em; max-width: 100%;">Address: 192.168.1.1#53
nslookup yahoo.com
Server: <span style="font-size: 0.87em;">192.168.1.1</span><br />Address:<span style="font-size: 0.87em;"> 192.168.1.1</span><span style="font-size: 0.87em;">#53</span></pre><pre data-reader-unique-id="41" style="font-family: -apple-system-ui-monospaced, Menlo; font-size: 0.87em; line-height: 1.45em; max-width: 100%;">Non-authoritative answer:
Name: yahoo.com
Address: 74.6.143.25
Name: yahoo.com
Address: 74.6.143.26
Name: yahoo.com
Address: 74.6.231.20
Name: yahoo.com
Address: 74.6.231.21
Name: yahoo.com
Address: 98.137.11.163
Name: yahoo.com
Address: 98.137.11.164
Name: yahoo.com
Address: 2001:4998:24:120d::1:1
Name: yahoo.com
Address: 2001:4998:44:3507::8000
Name: yahoo.com
Address: 2001:4998:44:3507::8001
Name: yahoo.com
Address: 2001:4998:124:1507::f000
Name: yahoo.com
Address: 2001:4998:124:1507::f001
Name: yahoo.com
Address: 2001:4998:24:120d::1:0
</pre><span><!--more--></span><pre data-reader-unique-id="41" style="font-family: -apple-system-ui-monospaced, Menlo; font-size: 0.87em; line-height: 1.45em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="color: white;">troubleshooting :- </span></span></pre><pre data-reader-unique-id="41" style="font-family: -apple-system-ui-monospaced, Menlo; font-size: 0.87em; line-height: 1.45em; max-width: 100%;">#<span style="font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px;">tail /var/log/messages -f</span></pre><div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: #fcff01;">Mar 9 10:31:04 WMsystem named[30190]: error (network unreachable) resolving 'yahoo.ae/A/IN': 2001:500:7d::1#53</span></div><div><span style="background-color: #fcff01;">Mar 9 10:31:04 WMsystem named[30190]: error (network unreachable) resolving 'yahoo.ae/A/IN': 2a00:d30:125</span></div><div><br /></div></div><div><p style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">All of the addresses are IPv6. Seems an IPv6 issue, you probably have no IPv6 networking configured. Disable IPv6 suport in Bind:</p><p style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="background-color: white;">Edit</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #999999;"> /etc/sysconfig/named and set:</span></p><pre style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><code>OPTIONS="-4"
</code></pre><p style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Then restart bind:</p><pre style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><code><span style="color: #999999;">service named restart</span>
</code></pre></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-69742685696945902802014-08-24T19:47:00.000+01:002014-08-24T19:47:16.716+01:00العنوان الفيزيائي (Medium Access Control (MAC) Address)<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-top: 1.6em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">العنوان الفيزيائي (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Medium Access Control (MAC) Address</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">):</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-top: 1.6em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">تنقسم العنونة في شبكات الحاسوب المختلفة الى اربعة انواع يوضحها الرسم التالي:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-top: 1.6em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<a href="https://mustafasadiq0.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/19.png" sl-processed="1" style="border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="1" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1689" src="http://mustafasadiq0.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/19.png?w=605" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 5px 20px 20px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-top: 1.6em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">وسيتركز حديثنا اليوم على النوع الاول (العنوان الفيزيائي) وهو العنوان الحقيقي الذي يتم من خلاله الاتصال بين الاجهزة المختلفة في أي شبكة حاسوب في العالم فالهواتف الذكية والكومبيوترات اللوحية والحواسيب الشخصية وكل جهاز اخر يمتلك قابلية الاتصال السلكي او اللاسلكي بأي شبكة حاسوبية يمتلك عنواناً فيزيائياً واحداً او أكثر. الان ان يمتلك عنواناً فيزيائياً واحداً امر مفهوم ولكن لماذا أكثر؟</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-top: 1.6em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">الجواب هو ان كل منفذ اتصال سلكي او لا سلكي بالشبكات الحاسوبية له عنوان فيزيائي مستقل ومختلف عن المنفذ الاخر في نفس الجهاز ولتبيان هذه الحقيقة نفترض اننا الان نعمل على حاسوب شخصي من نوع (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Laptop</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) يمتلك منفذ شبكة سلكي من نوع (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">RJ-45</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) وهو المنفذ المعروف في عالم الشبكات ويمتلك ايضاً منفذ اتصال لاسلكي غير مرئي من الخارج طبعاً وانما نعلم بوجوده من مواصفات الجهاز او من وجود زر الاتصال اللاسلكي المعروف الذي يحتوي رمز ابراج الاتصال وهنا لنثبت ان لكل منفذ من هذين المنفذين عنوان فيزيائي مختلف نقوم بالدخول الى محرك الاوامر (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">C</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ommand Prompt</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) من خلال الدخول الى قائمة البدء (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">start</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) ثم الى زر التنفيذ (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">run</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) ونكتب (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cmd</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) لتظهر نافذة محرك الاوامر المعروفة والان نكتب في محرك الاوامر الايعاز التالي (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ipconfig/all</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) لتظهر النتائج التالية:</span></div>
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<a href="https://mustafasadiq0.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/28.png" sl-processed="1" style="border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="2" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1690" src="http://mustafasadiq0.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/28.png?w=605" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 5px 20px 20px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-top: 1.6em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">كما تلاحظون هنا ظهر لنا عنوانين فيزيائيين أحدهما للمنفذ السلكي والاخر للمنفذ اللاسلكي وهو امر شائع وطبيعي في كل اجهزة الشبكات متعددة الوسائط وكذلك نجد هذا الامر في المنافذ المتعددة لأجهزة الراوتر والحاسوب الذي يحتوي منافذ متعددة وهكذا.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-top: 1.6em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">الان ما هي مكونات هذا العنوان وكيف نعرفه بمجرد مشاهدته وكيف نميزه عن العنوان المنطقي (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Logical Address=IP address</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)؟</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">بداية يجب ان نعرف ان العنوان الفيزيائي هو معرف فريد (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">unique identifier</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) للجهاز ولا يوجد جهازين على الارض لهما نفس العنوان الفيزيائي ويكون هذا العنوان مطبوعاً على كرت واجهة الشبكة (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Network Interface Card NIC</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) وهو عنوان مسطح (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">flat</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) وليس هرمي او مهيكل (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">structured</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) كما في العنوان المنطقي (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">IP address</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) ويتكون من 48 بت موزعة بالتساوي على نصفين الاول الى اليسار هو الجزء الخاص بالشركة المصنعة لهذا الكرت ويسمى (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Organizational Unique Identifier OUI</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) والجزء الثاني الى اليمين وهو الارقام التي نخصصها تلك الشركة الى الكروت التي تنتجها ويسمى عادة (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vendor Assigned</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) وكما في الصورة التالية:</span></div>
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<a href="https://mustafasadiq0.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/38.png" sl-processed="1" style="border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="3" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1691" src="http://mustafasadiq0.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/38.png?w=605" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 5px 20px 20px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-top: 1.6em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">يتم تمثيل العنوان الفيزيائي برموز النظام السداسي عشر (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hexadecimal Numbering System</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) والذي يتكون من الارقام (0-9) والحروف (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A-F</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) ويتم التعبير عن كل من هذه الرموز بأربع بتات ثنائية وللموضوع شرح طويل في دروس التصميم المنطقي وانظمة الاعداد.</span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 2.35em 1.5em 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">يسمى العنوان الفيزيائي ايضاً العنوان المحروق داخلياً (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Burned In Address BIA</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) لأنه يتم حرقه على ذاكرة قراءة فقط (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ROM</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) داخل الكرت او المنفذ ويتم نسخة الى ذاكرة ال (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">RAM</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) حال بدء عمل الكرت او الجهاز ويتم تمثيله بطريقتين (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">0c12.3456 or 00-00-0c-12-34-56</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">).</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">نلاحظ في النافذة اعلاه والخاصة بمحرك الاوامر ان ال(</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">OUI</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) الخاص بالمنفذ السلكي يختلف عن ال (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">OUI</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) الخاص بالمنفذ اللاسلكي رغم كونهما موجودين في حاسوب واحد لأن الشركة المصنعة للكرت السلكي هي ليست نفس الشكرة المصنعة للمنفذ (الكرت) اللاسلكي.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">يستخدم العنوان الفيزيائي لعنونة الحواسيب في الشبكة الداخلية (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">LAN</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) حيث ينحسر الاتصال في الطبقتين الاولى والثانية (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Physical and Data link layers</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) من مكدس طبقات الاتصال السبعة اما إذا كان هناك اتصال بين شبكتين مختلفتين في الوسط الناقل او البروتوكولات المستخدمة او الشركات المصنعة لأجهزتها فأن الاتصال بين هذه الشبكات يحتاج الى عناوين من نوع اخر توفرها الطبقة الثالثة وهي طبقة الشبكة (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Network layer</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) وعندها نحتاج الى العناوين المنطقية (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">IP addresses</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) لإتمام الاتصال.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">يتلخص استخدام العناوين الفيزيائية في الشبكات المحلية بالشكل التالي:</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://mustafasadiq0.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/48.png" sl-processed="1" style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="4" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1692" src="http://mustafasadiq0.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/48.png?w=605" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 5px 20px 20px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></a></li>
</ul>
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<b><a href="http://mustafasadiq0.wordpress.com/2014/08/24/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A-medium-access-control-mac-address/" target="_blank">قراءة الموضوع كاملاً</a></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-28685813433637774992014-06-24T07:14:00.001+01:002014-06-24T07:27:09.886+01:00MCITP - Windows 7- Windows Server 2008<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 44.313602447509766px;"><u>Microsoft Certified IT Professional (MCITP)</u></span></span></h1>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: subpixel-antialiased; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: wf_SegoeUILight, wf_SegoeUI, Segoe UI Light, Segoe UI, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 44.313602447509766px;">These certifications prove that you have the comprehensive set of skills to perform a particular IT job role, such as database administrator or enterprise messaging administrator. They are based on older versions of Microsoft technologies, and your MCITP certification will decline in value as companies move to newer versions of our products. Take advantage of special upgrades to earn a Microsoft Certified Solutions Expert (MCSE) certification, and protect your investment in certifications.</span></span></h1>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: subpixel-antialiased; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: wf_SegoeUILight, wf_SegoeUI, Segoe UI Light, Segoe UI, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 44.313602447509766px;">Most MCITP certifications will be retired by July 31, 2014. Please check the retired certifications and retired exams pages for specific retirement dates. Your retired certification will remain on your transcript.</span></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: wf_SegoeUILight, wf_SegoeUI, Segoe UI Light, Segoe UI, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 44.313602447509766px;">https://www.microsoft.com/learning/en-us/exam-70-680.aspx</span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-90661157858136811772013-09-17T09:13:00.000+01:002013-09-17T09:13:17.070+01:00الفرق بين الفيروسات المختلفة<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-Ek0mzlqNrB0g2hmIRU8QlFu6lZEB4sJKqJLS-KWr9p9tY6RYTFCnayDQUeKBAhevwvL-6EiMSA-LI3uawSm8KV0Ucz-uGl83wkDc58DsdNdiWRDsiw_qIx4kRyK2L5j8I1tT-2RCJmo2/s1600/Worm-Trojan-Virus-Rootkit-intro.jpg" height="172" width="400" /></div>
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جميع مستخدمى الكمبيوتر يعرفون الفيروسات، حيث يكون تعرض معظمهم إلى الإصابة بأحد هذه الفيروسات، إلا أن الأقلية منهم هى من تعلم نوعية وطبيعة الفيروس المصابة به، حيث يفيد معرفة نوع الفيروس فى معرفة الطريقة المناسبة للقضاء عليه، ويقول تقنى الكمبيوتر" محمد أنور" أن جميع مستخدمى الكمبيوتر قد يتعرضون للإصابة بالفيروسات المختلفة مثلWorm , Trojan, وRootkit، إلا أن الكثير من المستخدمين يجهلون الفرق بين هذه الأنواع، حيث تنقسم البرامج الخبيثة إلى برامج فيروسات وبرامج تجسس.</div>
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وأضاف "انور" أن البرامج الخبيثة تكون عبارة عن أى فيرس يقوم بتدمير جهاز الكمبيوتر، أما برامج التجسس فهى برمجيات يتم تثبيتها دون علم مستخدم الكمبيوتر وتقوم بنقل المعلومات الأساسية والبيانات الحساسة إلى المخترق الذى يرغب فى اختراق جهاز الكمبيوتر، مشيرا إلى أن الفيروسات هى عبارة عن برنامج صغير يقوم بنسخ نفسه تلقائيا بين الأجهزة المختلفة لكنه يحتاج إلى السيطرة على ملف .exe والذى يقوم بإتلافها، وعند تشغيل هذا الملف يقوم الفيروس بالانتشار داخل الجهاز.</div>
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وأوضح "أنور" أن فيرس Trojan أو كما يسميه البعض" حصان طروادة" لا ينسخ نفسه على الكمبيوتر ولكنه يقوم بتثبيت نفسه على جهاز الكمبيوتر كأنه برنامج عادى جدا، وبمجرد تثبيته يستطيع المخترق أن يقوم باختراق الجهاز المصاب بكل بساطة عن طريق شبكة الانترنت.</div>
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أما "worms"أو الدودة فهى تشبه الفيروسات إلا أنها يمكنها أن تنسخ نفسها بنفسها مرة أخرى، فهى لا تحتاج إلى ملف .exe للقيام بهذا الأمر، حيث تستخدم شبكة الانترنت لعمل ذلك، فتقوم بنسخ نفسها بعدد كبير جدا على جهاز الكمبيوتر مما يجعلها تستحوذ على كل مساحته، وتقوم بتقليل سرعة الكمبيوتر وسرعة الاتصال بالإنترنت، كما قد تقوم أيضا بإرسال رسائل بريد إلكترونى محتوية على نسخة من الفيروس إلى جهات الاتصال لدى المستخدم بصورة أوتوماتيكية دون أدنى تحكم منه، كما تساعد مبرمجها على اختراق الجهاز المصاب، والسماح له بالدخول فيه، لذلك يفضل تحديث نظام التشغيل بصورة دورية وتحديث برنامج مكافحة الفيروسات.</div>
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وأضاف" أنور" أن Rootkit تعتبر من أصعب أنواع البرمجيات حيث تقوم دائما بالاختفاء مما يصعب على المستخدم العثور عليها أو حتى برامج مكافحة الفيروسات التى تجبرها على قراءتها على أنها برنامج عادى غير ضار بالكمبيوتر ،والتى قد تدخل إلى جهاز الكمبيوتر وتثبت نفسها عندما يقوم المستخدم بتثبيت نظام تشغيل من أسطوانة غير موثوقة المصدر تكون مصابة بنفس هذا النوع من البرمجيات الخبيثة، وهى تقوم بحذف البرامج المثبتة على نظام التشغيل وتمنع تثبيت برامج جديدة، فمثلا قد تحذف برنامج مكافحة الفيروسات وتمنع تثبيته مرة أخري، مشيرا إلى أن أفضل حل مع هذه النوعيات من البرامج الخبيثة هو إزالة نظام التشغيل وتثبيت آخر جديد، ثم القيام بعمل فحص للجهاز مباشرة، قبل تثبيت أى برامج أخرى.</div>
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http://www.cairodar.com/news/details/55371</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-65782839914993802442013-09-11T11:09:00.001+01:002013-09-11T11:09:59.724+01:00What is Swap Space?<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #c0504d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"></span><span style="color: #c0504d; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">1</span><span style="color: #c0504d; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="color: #c0504d; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">What is Swap
Space?</span></div>
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Swap Space for CentOS 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Current Swap Space Usage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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File to a CentOS 6 System<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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a CentOS 6 LVM Swap Volume<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Space to the Volume Group<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh743Sx-kK-5vaWUUeRfCnvRaYir2zU5zUvFYjnmvmq49v2oEObdE1hivIWbUeRFfLlJIATnV8WBsij73BUwpekWuMVAjbmFjgK7GQ0_mRSH2o5dHg9F7jUhmZToiNig9J3Op0dSccQgOOv/s1600/swap-NEW.jpg" height="166" width="400" /></div>
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<a href="" name="Recommended_Swap_Space_for_CentOS_6"><span style="color: #2963a6; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is Swap Space?<o:p></o:p></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Computer
systems have a finite amount of physical memory that is made available to the
operating system. When the operating system begins to approach the limit of the
available memory it frees up space by writing memory pages to disk. When any of
those pages are required by the operating system they are subsequently read
back into memory. The area of the disk allocated for this task is referred to
as swap space.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2963a6; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recommended Swap Space for CentOS 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The
amount of swap recommended for CentOS 6 depends on a number of factors
including the amount of memory in the system and the workload imposed on that
memory. The current guidelines for CentOS 6 swap space are as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">4GB of RAM requires a minimum of 2GB of swap space<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">4GB to 16GB RAM requires a minimum of 4GB of swap space<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">16GB to 64GB of RAM requires a minimum of 8GB of swap space<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">64GB to 256GB of RAM requires a minimum of 16GB of swap space<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="" name="Identifying_Current_Swap_Space_Usage"></a><span style="color: #2963a6; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Identifying Current Swap Space Usage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The
current amount of swap used by a CentOS 6 system may be identified in a number
of ways. One option is to cat the /proc/swaps file:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># cat /proc/swaps<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">Filename Type Size Used
Priority<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">/dev/dm-1 partition 2064376 0 -1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Alternatively,
use the swapon command:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">Filename Type Size Used
Priority<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">/dev/dm-1 partition 2064376 0 -1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Finally,
the free command may also be used:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># free<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> total used free
shared buffers cached<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">Mem: 1021488 615348
406140 0 199596
160312<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">-/+ buffers/cache:
255440 766048<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">Swap: 2064376 0
2064376<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="" name="Adding_a_Swap_File_to_a_CentOS_6_System"></a><span style="color: #2963a6; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adding a Swap File to a CentOS 6 System<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Additional
swap may be added to the system by creating a file and assigning it as swap.
Begin by creating the swap file using the dd command (the size can be changed
by adjusting the count= variable; the following creates a 131MB file):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># dd if=/dev/zero of=/newswap bs=1024 count=128000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">128000+0 records in<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">128000+0 records out<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">131072000 bytes (131 MB) copied, 1.7639 seconds, 74.3 MB/s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Configure
the file as swap:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># mkswap /newswap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">mkswap: /newswap: warning: don't erase bootbits sectors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> on whole disk. Use
-f to force.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 127996 KiB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">no label, UUID=91588fb6-ac01-47f6-bb42-064c1c7c4599<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Add
the swap file to the system in real-time:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># swapon /newswap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Finally,
modify the /etc/fstab file to automatically add the new swap at system boot
time by adding the following line:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">/newswap swap swap
defaults 0 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="" name="Adding_Swap_to_a_CentOS_6_LVM_Swap_Volum"></a><span style="color: #2963a6; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adding Swap to a CentOS 6 LVM Swap Volume<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">By
default, CentOS 6 configures swap space using Logical Volume Management (LVM).
An alternative to adding swap via file, therefore, is to extend the logical
volume used for the swap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The
first step is to identify the current amount of swap available and the volume
group and logical volume used for the swap space (for more information on LVM,
refer to the chapter entitled Adding a New Disk to a CentOS 6 Volume Group and
Logical Volume):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># lvdisplay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> --- Logical volume ---<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> LV Name /dev/vg_centos6/lv_root<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> VG Name vg_centos6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> LV UUID
nU70n0-scyi-xp2S-1CNq-GUa1-4Vad-gQKIOO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> LV Write Access read/write<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> LV Status available<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> # open 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> LV Size 23.54 GiB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> Current LE 6026<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> Segments 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> Allocation inherit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> Read ahead sectors auto<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> - currently set to 256<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> Block device 253:0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> --- Logical volume ---<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> LV Name /dev/vg_centos6/lv_swap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> VG Name vg_centos6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> LV UUID
5uVonb-SCk2-bedt-4Oj3-LGpq-TpsA-qyCGEl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> LV Write Access read/write<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> LV Status available<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> # open 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> LV Size 1.97 GiB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> Current LE 504<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> Segments 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> Allocation inherit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> Read ahead sectors auto<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> - currently set to 256<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> Block device 253:1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Clearly
the swap resides on logical volume lv_swap which in part of volume group
vg_CentOS6. The next step is to verify if there is any space available on the
volume group that can be allocated to swap volume:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># vgs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize
VFree<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> vg_centos6 2
2 0 wz--n- 47.50g 22.00g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">If
the amount of space available is sufficient to meet additional swap
requirements, turn off the swap and extend the swap logical volume to use the
additional space:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># swapoff /dev/vg_centos6/lv_swap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># lvextend -L +3GB /dev/vg_CentOS6/lv_swap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> Extending logical volume
lv_swap to 4.97 GiB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> Logical volume lv_swap
successfully resized<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Next,
reformat the swap volume and turn the swap back on:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># mkswap /dev/vg_centos6/lv_swap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">mkswap: /dev/vg_centos6/lv_swap: warning: don't erase bootbits
sectors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> on whole disk. Use
-f to force.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 5210108 KiB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">no label, UUID=acd810b6-6522-43c8-b16d-a3f365288b15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># swapon /dev/vg_centos6/lv_swap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Having
made the changes, check that the swap space as increased:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># swapon -s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">Filename Type Size Used
Priority<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">/dev/dm-1 partition 5210104 0 -1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="" name="Adding_Swap_Space_to_the_Volume_Group"></a><span style="color: #2963a6; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adding Swap Space to the Volume Group<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">In
the above section we extended the swap logical volume to use space that was
already available in the volume group. If no space is available in the volume
group then it will need to be added before the swap can be extended. Begin by
checking the status of the volume group:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># vgs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> vg_centos6 1
2 0 wz--n- 8.79g 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The
above output indicates that no space is available within the volume group.
Suppose, however, that we have a requirement to add 2GB to the swap on the
system. Clearly, this will require the addition of more space to the volume
group. For the purposes of this example it will be assumed that a disk
partition that is 2GB is size and represented by /dev/sdb is available for
addition to the volume group. The first step is to turn this partition into a
physical volume:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># pvcreate /dev/sdb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> Physical volume
"/dev/sdb" successfully created<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Next,
the volume group needs to be extended to use this additional physical volume:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># vgextend vg_centos6 /dev/sdb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> Volume group
"vg_CentOS6" successfully extended<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">At
this point the vgs command should report the addition of the 2GB of space to
the volume group:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># vgs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize
VFree<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> vg_centos6 2
2 0 wz--n- 10.78g 2.00g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Now
that the additional space is available in the volume group, the swap logical
volume may be extended to utilize the space. First, turn off the swap:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># swapoff /dev/vg_centos6/lv_swap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Next,
extend the logical volume to use the new space:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># lvextend -L+2GB /dev/vg_centos6/lv_swap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> Extending logical volume
lv_swap to 3.97 GiB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 14.3pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Re-create
the swap on the logical volume:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F9F9F9; border: dashed #2F6FAB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed #2F6FAB .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># mkswap
/dev/vg_centos6/lv_swap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">mkswap: /dev/vg_centos6/lv_swap: warning: don't erase bootbits
sectors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> on whole disk. Use
-f to force.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 2064380 KiB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">no label, UUID=1bb0e260-7940-4070-929c-91518a7be384<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Next,
turn swap back on:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># swapon /dev/vg_centos6/lv_swap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Finally,
use the swapon –s command to verify the addition of the swap space to the
system:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># swapon -s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">Filename Type Size Used
Priority<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">/dev/dm-1
partition 2064376 0 -1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-34838912496512570962013-09-10T06:51:00.000+01:002013-09-10T06:51:27.348+01:00Configure Mikrotik as a Hotspot Server<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi18a-Qfmh96keKO50rNjzuPI21ZdVlHwPFiH7ynlrCFnZy7tjIt7T1azzqhXcCIixLdPkGsMYpvpWAoIKm6uEoL5seaE-T4lEC3vmGhwblG3Zk0nFBTO40lwElc77oqVLzcdemMeAEboU/s1600/network+mikrotik+hotspot.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="mikrotik as hotspot" border="0" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi18a-Qfmh96keKO50rNjzuPI21ZdVlHwPFiH7ynlrCFnZy7tjIt7T1azzqhXcCIixLdPkGsMYpvpWAoIKm6uEoL5seaE-T4lEC3vmGhwblG3Zk0nFBTO40lwElc77oqVLzcdemMeAEboU/s400/network+mikrotik+hotspot.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="mikrotik as hotspot" width="400" /></a></div>
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There are many posts on how to configure Mikrotik as hotspot. But I am sure this is not the result of a cheat sheet. Even if some of section are the same, it was fate. Mikrotik is a friendly operation system, and is very easy to configured. Enough to know the concept of network, plus with a Winbox, then you will easily configure the Mikrotik, in accordance with your wishes. I configured wireless outdoor of mikrotik, as a hotspot. I forget the type of the mikrotik. It's been a long time. And now for the post on this blog, I configure the mikrotik hotspot again, but this time, the mikrotik is installed inside vmware.</div>
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Let’s begin.</div>
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<br /><b>Setup IP Address Ethernet.</b></div>
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In my case, the Mikrotik to connect to the internet, simply by setting IP address dhcp. Open winbox, Click IP – DHCP Client. In the open dialog box, click plus (+)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWmiZo4aqSucpodsK70B0x5ar7GZwzduBM-7sjf7oAzmDrwDgKRL521vC8hhfBKQbOXZ3gvqT43WiROK7rRKRY0NqHt-Le-btmEYHekXHvS17J7D3X3PW_Szz7ja9YgEDy8A-4ukWGM7A/s1600/IP+-+DHCP+Client.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="winbox mikrotik - dhcp client" border="0" height="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWmiZo4aqSucpodsK70B0x5ar7GZwzduBM-7sjf7oAzmDrwDgKRL521vC8hhfBKQbOXZ3gvqT43WiROK7rRKRY0NqHt-Le-btmEYHekXHvS17J7D3X3PW_Szz7ja9YgEDy8A-4ukWGM7A/s400/IP+-+DHCP+Client.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="winbox mikrotik - dhcp client" width="400" /></a></div>
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The new Open dialog box will be appear again, like below. Select ether1 interface, and check peer dns, ntp peer and the default route. Then click Ok.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXnL854uH-85vca71aH88ht0ZUwX2zZ9aBKiUQeHvEauDym6Te8KhK0hv64PMqshVfK8yS5LZUb8OkwmWwBkjHXOKGvX71AdXE5wUiT5olz7pC2rHKMHttcQmXwHhyphenhyphen169HJsefSiCym7U/s1600/New+DHCP+Client.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="winbox mikrotik - new dhcp client" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXnL854uH-85vca71aH88ht0ZUwX2zZ9aBKiUQeHvEauDym6Te8KhK0hv64PMqshVfK8yS5LZUb8OkwmWwBkjHXOKGvX71AdXE5wUiT5olz7pC2rHKMHttcQmXwHhyphenhyphen169HJsefSiCym7U/s1600/New+DHCP+Client.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="winbox mikrotik - new dhcp client" /></a></div>
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Click new Terminal. Make sure Mikrotik connect to internet. Use command ping. Look at picture below.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZvsvUkZzvtyWYn-FFOUoPMxqqSMKe32GR-j-1eihd6_MHXR5NyLUmy2ZYwMu2o9A6I21mHu-Xunsbtcg-wAk2qdGOGWmU4H6lCbbVLk6rujjKk6jQu9Rvyab-PzE7JBc1zpkJA9UfMWI/s1600/New+Terminal.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="winbox mikrotik - new terminal" border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZvsvUkZzvtyWYn-FFOUoPMxqqSMKe32GR-j-1eihd6_MHXR5NyLUmy2ZYwMu2o9A6I21mHu-Xunsbtcg-wAk2qdGOGWmU4H6lCbbVLk6rujjKk6jQu9Rvyab-PzE7JBc1zpkJA9UfMWI/s400/New+Terminal.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="winbox mikrotik - new terminal" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b>Setting DNS</b></div>
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Click IP – DNS. In the open dialog box, click Settings. New open dialog will be appear. Input IP DNS in the box Servers, for example 8.8.8.8. and check Allow Remote Requests. Then click OK.</div>
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<b>Setting NTP (Network Time Protocol)</b></div>
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Click System – NTP Client. Continue to check enable and select Unicast mode, and then input IP address for Primary NTP Server & Secondary NTP Server, as shown below. Then click OK.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1adNSB1vUFy-vCdNZXQXKKjY54oWRx4Zqx0oVHWlV7G3vMNRkKAoCGsK1GlIJzhfMgs6P8DFybg_ngus5mSsqTgdaZtaq28spvWJOr4oWMsYUtSmbgxuHTwjdsRsRbCVPGKOcPa48_bc/s1600/NTP+Client.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="winbox mikrotik - setting ntp client" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1adNSB1vUFy-vCdNZXQXKKjY54oWRx4Zqx0oVHWlV7G3vMNRkKAoCGsK1GlIJzhfMgs6P8DFybg_ngus5mSsqTgdaZtaq28spvWJOr4oWMsYUtSmbgxuHTwjdsRsRbCVPGKOcPa48_bc/s1600/NTP+Client.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="winbox mikrotik - setting ntp client" /></a></div>
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<b>Setting Mikrotik Hotspot</b></div>
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Continue to setting Hotspot. Click IP – Hotspot</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJJ7ilJssElgRnxhUcnQxAUnbRkIyKqoKG4imED8AJpiNLcJgotUTPRPBbLSm0Ch3q-Idi5HO7io2m3CB6buyTOo7gSr4uz5Lq8zNBn8_Lcdf2O-cUj3k3OeSiF3A3w88Q1WH1qcvcxJE/s1600/IP+-+Hotspot.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="winbox mikrotik - IP hotspot" border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJJ7ilJssElgRnxhUcnQxAUnbRkIyKqoKG4imED8AJpiNLcJgotUTPRPBbLSm0Ch3q-Idi5HO7io2m3CB6buyTOo7gSr4uz5Lq8zNBn8_Lcdf2O-cUj3k3OeSiF3A3w88Q1WH1qcvcxJE/s400/IP+-+Hotspot.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="winbox mikrotik - IP hotspot" width="400" /></a></div>
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In the Hotspot dialog box, Click Hotspot Setup.</div>
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Then Mikrotik Hotspot Setup wizard, will be appear. This is easiest way to setup Hotspot interface in Mikrotik. IP address for Ethernet, DHCP Server, routing and firewall will be configured automatically. In the Mikrotik Hotspot Setup wizard, select ether2 as hotspot interface. Then click Next.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNLIHh9k38YtNKjqImtUfTGeSv_K_EJ5Q2GUrQI9EBdAXT5ieZOrTdeH_XjQph04T5MMmPPtJYm4QE1anS2GtR4I90zW-gQlGp2675sNRtyAKVI1aPUiHFiDqmDh2O8E9y9R8rxyEyfoE/s1600/select+interface+hotspot.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="winbox mikrotik - hotspot setup 2 " border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNLIHh9k38YtNKjqImtUfTGeSv_K_EJ5Q2GUrQI9EBdAXT5ieZOrTdeH_XjQph04T5MMmPPtJYm4QE1anS2GtR4I90zW-gQlGp2675sNRtyAKVI1aPUiHFiDqmDh2O8E9y9R8rxyEyfoE/s1600/select+interface+hotspot.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="winbox mikrotik - hotspot setup 2" /></a></div>
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Set hotspot IP address. Then click Next</div>
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Set Pool dhcp, then click Next</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLu1Z7AIk-ChK4YKoUUuH3-S4vkNWiWtdTcUeRKON25g8YCDAOB5iQBMZoqEijs4STJlPsBvr5zZ8HHzrf3oGqEKmL-5xV5aaoZvGviw72wdiGsgMea1XE9XXS11WBslkU94Vj1nRSeA0/s1600/set+pool+dhcp+for+hotspot.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="winbox mikrotik - hotspot setup 4" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLu1Z7AIk-ChK4YKoUUuH3-S4vkNWiWtdTcUeRKON25g8YCDAOB5iQBMZoqEijs4STJlPsBvr5zZ8HHzrf3oGqEKmL-5xV5aaoZvGviw72wdiGsgMea1XE9XXS11WBslkU94Vj1nRSeA0/s1600/set+pool+dhcp+for+hotspot.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="winbox mikrotik - hotspot setup 4" /></a></div>
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For SSL certificate, select none. Then Klik Next</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyzFgJ9zSdIuwi6GcHLxn4DTXKFSEC7DzYwAUKmTv65aHpBnFChKyaqHcCPmxhbhTxSlgofBEYq-Hxn_68Az6qrVMIUK1-JDUMDYlKAyq7_7HVWioNgkYYvFpREp5fmgS-0KN55-Rupo4/s1600/select+hotspot+SSL.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="winbox mikrotik - hotspot setup 5" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyzFgJ9zSdIuwi6GcHLxn4DTXKFSEC7DzYwAUKmTv65aHpBnFChKyaqHcCPmxhbhTxSlgofBEYq-Hxn_68Az6qrVMIUK1-JDUMDYlKAyq7_7HVWioNgkYYvFpREp5fmgS-0KN55-Rupo4/s1600/select+hotspot+SSL.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="winbox mikrotik - hotspot setup 5" /></a></div>
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Because we don’t have SMTP server, enter 0.0.0.0. Click Next</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAM-x8O1tvjXXhHvGsfiAKdLgncg-ekbELLCH6ZBb7wrpuXtUoAT-18DIsMBXSxPcMFJyquiByeNQdVrmjWW8PmH4g6UaUYn3c6F_GzYCgV95RMDSpzglVL5qf0kuDWSsiw-9esB1JRt0/s1600/select+smtp+server.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="winbox mikrotik - hotspot setup 6" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAM-x8O1tvjXXhHvGsfiAKdLgncg-ekbELLCH6ZBb7wrpuXtUoAT-18DIsMBXSxPcMFJyquiByeNQdVrmjWW8PmH4g6UaUYn3c6F_GzYCgV95RMDSpzglVL5qf0kuDWSsiw-9esB1JRt0/s1600/select+smtp+server.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="winbox mikrotik - hotspot setup 6" /></a></div>
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In the wizard Setup DNS, input IP DNS, then click Next</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW9oz4mMqNH9no4vWfdRC82NXmF6U4XtJpKJNkbOnCIk6FwZ1KrVJrJWbCOKfpDoeEwRwknejtsURPIdgof72yvM6GZhNj6plfESuqdms72ffJ5D0riwYTWK5e6jv9iOTN4AwKqLHnr6g/s1600/setup+DNS+hotspot.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="winbox mikrotik - hotspot setup 7" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW9oz4mMqNH9no4vWfdRC82NXmF6U4XtJpKJNkbOnCIk6FwZ1KrVJrJWbCOKfpDoeEwRwknejtsURPIdgof72yvM6GZhNj6plfESuqdms72ffJ5D0riwYTWK5e6jv9iOTN4AwKqLHnr6g/s1600/setup+DNS+hotspot.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="winbox mikrotik - hotspot setup 7" /></a></div>
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For DNS name, leave blank, then click Next.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ-OQxtac-zaEPf3vY4md2q0KeE6BwgIvcK2BVMFUpxGL41R0w52gKJFFZujWmvWe8xJDIq4a9qv3rn74_XkxFFZPZ8jOqobMgT9BncqYWPQZ_nS6hvWVj0_YSSvKxBc-WLmRpSHhdgMg/s1600/DNS+name+for+hotspot.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="winbox mikrotik - hotspot setup 8" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ-OQxtac-zaEPf3vY4md2q0KeE6BwgIvcK2BVMFUpxGL41R0w52gKJFFZujWmvWe8xJDIq4a9qv3rn74_XkxFFZPZ8jOqobMgT9BncqYWPQZ_nS6hvWVj0_YSSvKxBc-WLmRpSHhdgMg/s1600/DNS+name+for+hotspot.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="winbox mikrotik - hotspot setup 8" /></a></div>
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Create users, and password, then click Next</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJhRXXGRzFS6JbB1wCWefH9DpDPjOi2Vu8W2-wExxGKEsEiCk6h5pY3YVs5U_fet2-fWPibv9r_eDEgt4qt_vcJHXZ2w-xqu8q25DWLhLaZKYQuIzrgBAlRziM3tBwQcQhAqAS4c17sVs/s1600/create+hotspot+user.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="winbox mikrotik - hotspot setup 9" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJhRXXGRzFS6JbB1wCWefH9DpDPjOi2Vu8W2-wExxGKEsEiCk6h5pY3YVs5U_fet2-fWPibv9r_eDEgt4qt_vcJHXZ2w-xqu8q25DWLhLaZKYQuIzrgBAlRziM3tBwQcQhAqAS4c17sVs/s1600/create+hotspot+user.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="winbox mikrotik - hotspot setup 9" /></a></div>
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Done. Setup has completed successfully.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhIm741ePp8wGQY16E4GzioWvAjSgoVgC-HiczhZRd4F0iiypSHWhodhcqKoc5hMfuJYTBgoNC50c9EnJETXj3bgtoInyyxQ91WMBwBxuQGpN7kjBiZ_XN4L1tjoVwOCQ8cgp3P03GHOE/s1600/setup+successfully.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="winbox mikrotik - hotspot setup complete" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhIm741ePp8wGQY16E4GzioWvAjSgoVgC-HiczhZRd4F0iiypSHWhodhcqKoc5hMfuJYTBgoNC50c9EnJETXj3bgtoInyyxQ91WMBwBxuQGpN7kjBiZ_XN4L1tjoVwOCQ8cgp3P03GHOE/s1600/setup+successfully.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="winbox mikrotik - hotspot setup complete" /></a></div>
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Back to the Mikrotik Hotspot dialog box. Click tab Server Profiles, then click twice to hsprof1 (look at example picture below). New open dialog box will appear about Hotspot Server Profile.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBijJ7fqNK1NOOWccEjwjSycz8xnVAuIDqyH8mr4eiJ8Rgj-KisVlqFtJrhgPFA0iGOvMLdQWI7W7Q8lKEH-Bz2LjAHaFrdKdCEOmsmNM7lFY8YFKC-CZZrmrerGcVj3FxWDoswZebfrU/s1600/Hotspot+Server+Profiles.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="winbox mikrotik - hotspot server profiles" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBijJ7fqNK1NOOWccEjwjSycz8xnVAuIDqyH8mr4eiJ8Rgj-KisVlqFtJrhgPFA0iGOvMLdQWI7W7Q8lKEH-Bz2LjAHaFrdKdCEOmsmNM7lFY8YFKC-CZZrmrerGcVj3FxWDoswZebfrU/s1600/Hotspot+Server+Profiles.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="winbox mikrotik - hotspot server profiles" /></a></div>
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And then in tab Login, make sure in the section “Login By”, uncheck cookie, then click OK.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirYZIziCIsjm8FvUQG8pw3fLoOMvc8dKSMZ6pd4Z-zq_hxfParv6xMCzVewDyeuGOSPrkxlT8l4mK0boY05ehDd5xLnXx1PBYEMVCnS0yYKafEpXgClgHia2X0hvxZmyKsQ5BtVNuoBkY/s1600/Hotspot+Server+Profile.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="winbox mikrotik - hotspot server profiles settings" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirYZIziCIsjm8FvUQG8pw3fLoOMvc8dKSMZ6pd4Z-zq_hxfParv6xMCzVewDyeuGOSPrkxlT8l4mK0boY05ehDd5xLnXx1PBYEMVCnS0yYKafEpXgClgHia2X0hvxZmyKsQ5BtVNuoBkY/s1600/Hotspot+Server+Profile.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="winbox mikrotik - hotspot server profiles settings" /></a></div>
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Until here, Mikrotik has been successfully configured as a hotspot. For testing of the client, create a voucher for the user / client. In the Mikrotik Hotspot dialog box, select tab Users – plus (+)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjppVhuIJCoyApXZlUgarudxCWgaNgUJ77nWXG1mIsnMTdZWNYAPOnq2FwxP2AihPeIZEGKJs8Z4qzcB8_0YnoW2Ux-W89ViYA7nmMmIL1KJnQx-K5WzrAAN1zUuevuDHpXfdrYtxhSzNU/s1600/hotspot+users.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="winbox mikrotik - hotspot users" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjppVhuIJCoyApXZlUgarudxCWgaNgUJ77nWXG1mIsnMTdZWNYAPOnq2FwxP2AihPeIZEGKJs8Z4qzcB8_0YnoW2Ux-W89ViYA7nmMmIL1KJnQx-K5WzrAAN1zUuevuDHpXfdrYtxhSzNU/s1600/hotspot+users.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="winbox mikrotik - hotspot users" /></a></div>
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In the new open dialog box, input name & password. You can customize how the speed, duration of use, the mac address, and so on. It depends on your desire. Then click OK.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHLtHYyhZjChPFV6oykUP4pZ2vrHryyU8Zt-JkeFuQpd1UDOgAsxxOd4NyU-jqw0mN8ZcH7OXQQpzUsDc2CKBBctlyqOVF2BMM-nsV6o5xoWnV9AbmZux6gZztfRSuW2r7deHzawanph0/s1600/New+Hotspot+User.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="winbox mikrotik - hotspot users settings" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHLtHYyhZjChPFV6oykUP4pZ2vrHryyU8Zt-JkeFuQpd1UDOgAsxxOd4NyU-jqw0mN8ZcH7OXQQpzUsDc2CKBBctlyqOVF2BMM-nsV6o5xoWnV9AbmZux6gZztfRSuW2r7deHzawanph0/s1600/New+Hotspot+User.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="winbox mikrotik - hotspot users settings" /></a></div>
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In the computer client, browsing to any site, If the login page appears, it means mikrotik hotspot is working properly. Input username and password, that have been created. If everything is normal, the browser will be redirect to destination site.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi704YNsWb2WcTcYk9efj5kOka7ZrInoFZ8mjricSpQrrKPAiY_GkT-6-k2vYwxldmBo1ftzvM2jDIk3NIMnAmyUtx_Mc3eMVqKknsYV2nQDs1LfdMZHu0t-115Vg62xRS7qERuxlEkK3Q/s1600/login+page+mikrotik.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="mikrotik - hotspot page login" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi704YNsWb2WcTcYk9efj5kOka7ZrInoFZ8mjricSpQrrKPAiY_GkT-6-k2vYwxldmBo1ftzvM2jDIk3NIMnAmyUtx_Mc3eMVqKknsYV2nQDs1LfdMZHu0t-115Vg62xRS7qERuxlEkK3Q/s1600/login+page+mikrotik.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="mikrotik - hotspot page login" /></a></div>
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For security, don’t forget to make new password for user admin. Click system – password, fill new password in dialog box, and then click change.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8CFI2HKYRT2ig8qDxla6mjDUVYyb5h_1D0wRhXQWy0-xX9fogYl-c1PEvu2BfAHJe1mW6cuphq0ktwi_ON89ALMRl5WBgItwlJ_Lwzy2zzzL49s6DRX4ImPvx9dNAuv1DeVZcrUmu_qE/s1600/change+password.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1c06ff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="mikrotik - change password" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8CFI2HKYRT2ig8qDxla6mjDUVYyb5h_1D0wRhXQWy0-xX9fogYl-c1PEvu2BfAHJe1mW6cuphq0ktwi_ON89ALMRl5WBgItwlJ_Lwzy2zzzL49s6DRX4ImPvx9dNAuv1DeVZcrUmu_qE/s1600/change+password.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" title="mikrotik - change password" /></a></div>
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<b>Disadvantages.</b></div>
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Generally, with a system like this, it can be regarded as a hotspot billing system, which can be commercialized. Of course there are a lot of drawbacks, such as :</div>
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1. Creation of user and password created manually.</div>
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2. There is no print facility.</div>
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3. Capacity for users is limited.</div>
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4. There's no price of package.</div>
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5. And so on, you can add it yourself.</div>
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</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-7235402273936203532013-09-09T20:36:00.000+01:002013-09-09T20:37:39.530+01:00CentOS 6 - Desktop Environment - Connect to Windows' remore desktop function by rdesktop <div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<br /></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 552.1pt;" width="736"><div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">Install rdesktop and connect to Windows. It's necessary
to enable remote desktop function on Windows.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">[1]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">Install rdesktop<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: black; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 749px;" summary="1-1">
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<td style="padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 558.85pt;" width="745"><div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[root@dlp ~]# </span></b><b><span style="color: #66ff99; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.server-world.info/en/command/html/yum.html"><span style="color: yellow; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">yum</span></a> -y
install rdesktop</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 1045px;" summary="2">
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<td style="padding: 0cm 7.5pt 0cm 0cm; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">[2]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">Start X server and input
command like follows.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
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<o:p>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: white;">[root@dlp ~]# rdesktop -u
servermadkour -k ja -g 800x600 10.0.0.150<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: white;">#
-u [user name]<br />
# -k [keyboard]<br />
# -g [screen resolution]<br />
# -f [full screen mode]<br />
# -T [screen title]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="color: white;">
</span></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><u><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Just Connected</span></u></i></b><b><i><u><span dir="LTR"><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<b><i><u><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAMCHRK7xiLEFi-SiHmSvVcnJdyKT3fXt5wJGaKhQn8GKsthO0WnvqUN7ttWWUKUrqKoouzmWwRhKEVPN-owmde6vluBwB3c5NhRrvvXhYZoTbIZ1ARZc6cs2so84ED9yNvZ2lAQJY18ti/s1600/7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAMCHRK7xiLEFi-SiHmSvVcnJdyKT3fXt5wJGaKhQn8GKsthO0WnvqUN7ttWWUKUrqKoouzmWwRhKEVPN-owmde6vluBwB3c5NhRrvvXhYZoTbIZ1ARZc6cs2so84ED9yNvZ2lAQJY18ti/s1600/7.jpg" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><i><u><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></u></i></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-88145915147072956722013-09-08T23:29:00.000+01:002013-09-08T23:29:38.769+01:00Setup Local Yum Repository On CentOS / RHEL / Scientific Linux 6.4 <div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">We have already shown you how to </span>create a local repository on Ubuntu systems<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">. Today we are going to learn about setting up local yum repository on CentOS 6.4 and other RPM based distributions.</span></div>
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<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
As I noted in my previous tutorial about local repository, if you have to installed software, security updates and fixes often in multiple systems in your local network, then having a local repository is an efficient way. Because all required packages are downloaded over the fast LAN connection from your local server, so that it will save your Internet bandwidth and reduces your annual cost of Internet.</div>
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In this tutorial I use two systems as described below:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Yum Server OS : CentOS 6.4(Minimal Install)
Yum Server IP Address : 192.168.1.200
Client OS : CentOS 6.3(Minimal Install)
Client IP Address : 192.168.1.201</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Prerequisites</strong></div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
First mount your CentOS 6.4 installation DVD(s). You will probably have two DVD’s for CentOS:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/</strong></pre>
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Now the CentOS installation DVD is mounted under <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">/mnt</strong> directory. Next install <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">vsftpd</strong> package and make the packages available over FTP to your local clients.</div>
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To do that change to <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">/mnt/Packages</strong> directory:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# cd /mnt/Packages/</strong></pre>
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Now install vsftpd package:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server Packages]# rpm -ivh vsftpd-2.2.2-11.el6_3.1.i686.rpm
warning: vsftpd-2.2.2-11.el6_3.1.i686.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:vsftpd ########################################### [100%]</strong></pre>
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Start FTP service and let the service to be started automatically on every reboot:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server Packages]# /etc/init.d/vsftpd start
Starting vsftpd for vsftpd: [ OK ]
[root@server Packages]# chkconfig vsftpd on</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
We need a package called <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">“createrepo”</strong> to create our local repository. So let us install it too. If you did a minimal CentOS installation, then you might need to install the following dependencies first:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server Packages]# rpm -ivh libxml2-python-2.7.6-8.el6_3.4.i686.rpm warning:
[root@server Packages]# rpm -ivh deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.i686.rpm
[root@server Packages]# rpm -ivh python-deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.i686.rpm</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Now install “createrepo” package:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server Packages]# rpm -ivh createrepo-0.9.9-17.el6.noarch.rpm</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Build Local Repository</strong></div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
It’s time to build our local repository. Create a storage directory to store all packages from CentOS DVD’s.</div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
As I noted above, we are going to use a FTP server to serve all packages to client systems. So let us create a storage location in our FTP server <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">pub</strong> directory.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# mkdir /var/ftp/pub/localrepo</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Now copy all the files from CentOS DVD(s) i.e for <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">/mnt/Packages</strong> directory to the <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">“localrepo”</strong> directory:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# cp -ar /mnt/Packages/*.* /var/ftp/pub/localrepo/</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Again, mount the CentOS installation DVD 2 and copy all the files to <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">/var/ftp/pub/localrepo</strong> directory.</div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Once you copied all the files, create a repository file called <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">“localrepo.repo”</strong> under <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">/etc/yum.repos.d/</strong> directory and add the following lines into the file. You can name this file as your liking:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/localrepo.repo
[localrepo]
name=Unixmen Repository
baseurl=file:///var/ftp/pub/localrepo
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Note:</span> Use three slashes in the baseurl.</strong></span></div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Now begin building local repository:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# createrepo -v /var/ftp/pub/localrepo/</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Now the repository building process will start. The output will be as shown below:</div>
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<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/root@server_003.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="root@server:~_003" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-13786" height="319" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/root@server_003.png" style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" width="500" /></a></div>
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<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/root@server_004.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="root@server:~_004" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-13787" height="319" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/root@server_004.png" style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" width="500" /></a></div>
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After creating repository, disable or rename the existing repositories.</div>
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Now update the repository files:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# yum clean all
[root@server ~]# yum update</strong></pre>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Client Side Configuration</strong></div>
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Now go to your client systems. Create a new repository file as shown above under <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">/etc/yum.repos.d/ </strong>directory and add the following contents:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@client ~]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/localrepo
[localrepo]
name=Unixmen Repository
baseurl:ftp://192.168.1.200/pub/localrepo
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1</strong></pre>
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<span style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Note:</span> Use double slashes in the baseurl and 192.168.1.200 is yum server IP Address.</strong></span></div>
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Now disable or rename the existing repositories and update the local repository files:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@client ~]# yum clean all
[root@client ~]# yum update</strong></pre>
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Probably you will get an error like shown below:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">ftp://192.168.1.200/pub/localrepo/repodata/repomd.xml: [Errno 14] PYCURL ERROR 7 - "couldn't connect to host"</span></strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> <span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> Trying other mirror.</span></strong></pre>
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This is because your firewall and SELinux might be preventing your client to access the local repository server. So run the following commands in the server side. Allow the default firewall port 21 through your Firewall/Router:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/iptables
[...]
-A INPUT -p udp -m state --state NEW --dport 21 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 21 -j ACCEPT
[...]</strong></pre>
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And update the SELinux booleans for FTP service:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# setsebool -P ftp_home_dir on</strong></pre>
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Now try again by updating repository:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@client ~]# yum update</strong></pre>
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<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/root@client_005.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="root@client:~_005" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-13791" height="319" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/root@client_005.png" style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" width="500" /></a></div>
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As you seen in the above output, now your client will get the updates from our server <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">“localrepo”</strong> repository, not from any other external repositories.</div>
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Let us try install any package. For instance I do httpd package installation:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@client ~]# yum install httpd</strong></pre>
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<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/root@client_006.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="root@client:~_006" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-13792" height="319" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/root@client_006.png" style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" width="500" /></a></div>
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</div>
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-11907552591255514572013-09-08T23:23:00.001+01:002013-09-09T05:43:58.725+01:00setup-online-e-commerce-shopping-store-with-cs-cart<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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12</div>
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<a href="http://www.cs-cart.com/" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">CS-Cart</strong></a> is an open source e-commerce shopping cart solution that can be used to setup your free online shopping store such as eBay, Snapdeal and Flipkart etc. CS-Cart is the best shopping cart solution for building an ecommerce website from a small web store to a virtual shopping mall. A ready storefront, support for <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">many payment and shipping options</strong>, full inventory control, unlimited products, promotional tools, and other features out of the box.</div>
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CS-Cart comes with three editions: <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Ultimate(Free)</strong>, <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Ultimate (Paid)</strong>, <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Multi-vendor(Paid)</strong>. Please <a href="http://www.cs-cart.com/compare.html" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">visit this page</a> to view the comparison of these three editions. In this tutorial let us build a free online e-store using CS-Cart software.</div>
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We already have shown you how to setup online store using Prestashop in our previous tutorial. In this how-to let us build a online store using using CS-Cart. This how-to was tested on CentOS 6.4, although it will work on other RPM based distro’s. My test box hostname and IP address are <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">server.madkour.com</strong> and <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">192.168.1.200/24</strong>. Replace the values with your own where it appropriate.</div>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Prerequisites</strong></div>
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First you have to install and configure LAMP server.<br />
<br /></div>
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Now install the following prerequisites too.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># yum install php-mcrypt php-pdo php-cli php-mysql php-gd php-xml libtool-ltdl mhash mcrypt -y</pre>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Create Database and User for CS-Cart</strong></div>
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For instance, here i am going to create a database called <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">“cscartdb”</strong> and database user called <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">“cscartuser”</strong> for CS-Cart.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 3
Server version: 5.5.31-MariaDB MariaDB Server
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle, Monty Program Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MariaDB [(none)]> <span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">create database cscartdb;</span>
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> <span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">GRANT ALL ON cscartdb.* TO cscartuser@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'centos';</span>
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> <span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">flush privileges;</span>
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> <span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">exit</span>
Bye</pre>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Firewall and SELinux Settings</strong></div>
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Allow the apache default port “80″ through iptables/Router. Edit file <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">/etc/sysconfig/iptables</strong>,</div>
<pre id="stcpDiv" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># vi /etc/sysconfig/iptables</pre>
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Add the following lines.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;">-A INPUT -p udp -m state --state NEW --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 80 -j ACCEPT</pre>
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Now restart the iptables service.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># /etc/init.d/iptables restart</pre>
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I don’t want to mess up with SELinux, so here i disabled it.</div>
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Edit file <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">/etc/selinux/config</strong>,</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># vi /etc/selinux/config</pre>
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Set the SELINUX value as <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">“disabled”</strong>.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;">SELINUX=disabled</pre>
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Restart the system to take effect the saved changes.</div>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Getting CS-Cart Software</strong></div>
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Download the latest version <a href="https://www.cs-cart.com/download-cs-cart.html" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">from here</a>. I downloaded it my current directory.</div>
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<span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Note:</strong></span> Here you can host your e-store in two methods.</div>
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1. Directly from the web root folder, so that you can access your website by navigating to <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">http://domain-name/</strong>.</div>
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2. Alternatively create a sub directory in web root folder and host website from the sub-directory i.e you can access your website using URL <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">http://domain-name/sub-directory-name</strong>.</div>
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Here, for testing purpose, i create a sub-directory directory called <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">“cscart”</strong> under apache root folder and copy the cs-cart zip file to the cscart folder.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># mkdir /var/www/html/cscart
# cp cscart_v4.0.1-ultimate.tgz /var/www/html/cscart/</pre>
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Now go to the cscart directory and extract the cs-cart zip file.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># cd /var/www/html/cscart/
# tar -zxvf cscart_v4.0.1-ultimate.tgz</pre>
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Adjust the following files/folders permissions as shown below.</div>
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Run the following commands one by one in your terminal.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># chmod 666 config.local.php
# chmod -R 777 design/ images/ var/
# find design -type f -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 666
# find images -type f -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 666
# find var -type f -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 666</pre>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Begin CS-Cart Installation</strong></div>
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Now navigate to <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">“http://domain-name/cscart/install”</strong> or <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">“http://ip-address/cscart/install”</strong> from your web browser. The following screen should appear.</div>
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Accept the license agreement and click Next.</div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Installing-CS-Cart-Mozilla-Firefox_002.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Installing CS-Cart - Mozilla Firefox_002" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-19046" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Installing-CS-Cart-Mozilla-Firefox_002-300x181.png" height="181" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="300" /></a>Enter the database name, database user, password, administration email and password etc. Click Next to continue.</div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Installing-CS-Cart-Mozilla-Firefox_003.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Installing CS-Cart - Mozilla Firefox_003" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-19047" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Installing-CS-Cart-Mozilla-Firefox_003-300x181.png" height="181" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="300" /></a>Now select your CS-Cart edition. For testing purpose i select the free edition.</div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Administration-panel-Mozilla-Firefox_005.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Administration panel - Mozilla Firefox_005" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-19048" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Administration-panel-Mozilla-Firefox_005-300x181.png" height="181" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="300" /></a>After the installation is done, you will see the <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Installation Successfully Finished</strong> wizard. Click <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Go to the Settings</strong> wizard to make store setup. Click <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Close</strong> to go straight to the <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">dashboard</strong>. You will be able to make settings later in the administration panel.</div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Administration-panel-Mozilla-Firefox_006.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Administration panel - Mozilla Firefox_006" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-19049" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Administration-panel-Mozilla-Firefox_006-300x181.png" height="181" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="300" /></a>This is how your Administration panel looks.</div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Administration-panel-Mozilla-Firefox_007.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Administration panel - Mozilla Firefox_007" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-19050" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Administration-panel-Mozilla-Firefox_007-300x181.png" height="181" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="300" /></a>If you want to further customize your store as per your liking, go to the Administration section by clicking on the Administration link on the top right corner. In the Administration link you can do the following:</div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px;">
- View orders, sales reports, shipment details etc.</div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px;">
- create new products, categories etc.</div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px;">
- Administer and create users and groups etc.</div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px;">
- Add contents to your website etc.</div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Also you can import/export the data’s and upgrade it to Paid version.</div>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Access Your Store</strong></div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
You can access your online store by navigating to <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">“http://domain-name/cscart”</strong> or <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">“http://ip-address/cscart”</strong>. The default site is look like below.</div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Shopping-Cart-Software-Ecommerce-Software-Solutions-by-CS-Cart-Mozilla-Firefox_011.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Shopping Cart Software & Ecommerce Software Solutions by CS-Cart - Mozilla Firefox_011" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-19100" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Shopping-Cart-Software-Ecommerce-Software-Solutions-by-CS-Cart-Mozilla-Firefox_011-300x181.png" height="181" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="300" /></a>Also you can access it with URL <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">“http://domain-name/cscart/acme”</strong> or <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">“http://ip-address/cscart/acme”</strong>.</div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Shopping-Cart-Software-Ecommerce-Software-Solutions-by-CS-Cart-Mozilla-Firefox_013.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Shopping Cart Software & Ecommerce Software Solutions by CS-Cart - Mozilla Firefox_013" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-19101" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Shopping-Cart-Software-Ecommerce-Software-Solutions-by-CS-Cart-Mozilla-Firefox_013-300x181.png" height="181" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="300" /></a><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Post Installation</strong></div>
<div style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
After CS-Cart installation, remove the <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">install/</strong> directory.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># rm -fr install/</pre>
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Change the following folders/files permissions to secure your e-store as shown below.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># chmod 644 config.local.php
# chmod 644 design/ .htaccess images/.htaccess
# chmod 664 var/.htaccess var/themes_repository/.htaccess
# chmod 644 design/index.php images/index.php
# chmod 664 var/index.php var/themes_repository/index.php</pre>
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</div>
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-62651127519677639182013-09-05T11:59:00.000+01:002013-09-05T12:00:49.659+01:00How to use iSCSI Targets on Windows Computers<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<h2 dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.046875px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;">
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-size: small;">Overview<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">This article will guide the
administrator into mounting an iSCSI Target from the Synology DiskStation onto
a Windows-based computer. Please make sure that an iSCSI Target has been
created on the DiskStation and is ready for use<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-AE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<u><span style="font-size: small;">Mounting iSCSI Targets on
Windows<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Note: Modern
Windows computers may come with an iSCSI Initiator software already integrated
with the operating system, if it is not available, the iSCSI Initiator software
from Microsoft is <a href="http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=12cb3c1a-15d6-4585-b385-befd1319f825&displaylang=en" target="_blank">availablehere</a><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-AE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>.</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-AE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><u>Step 1</u></b><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-AE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>:</span></u></b><b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Open the Microsoft iSCSI Initiator
Software from Control Panel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGnROqYXMx5veyuAcS6nF3jfJhES8L239XG9Ojj_fc7PFqtVrtGVFtJvy_3drbxCDycMIvf0HTsV5xehKJMLGu5yOE6BfyKTfyM4bxbvsfRxwju68bmCkBXzJq_db48T99R6SwzEAKz3SN/s1600/Iscsiwin01.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGnROqYXMx5veyuAcS6nF3jfJhES8L239XG9Ojj_fc7PFqtVrtGVFtJvy_3drbxCDycMIvf0HTsV5xehKJMLGu5yOE6BfyKTfyM4bxbvsfRxwju68bmCkBXzJq_db48T99R6SwzEAKz3SN/s1600/Iscsiwin01.png" height="476" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><u>Step 2</u></b><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-AE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>:</span></u></b><b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Click on Discovery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja5-8TBrvOgeXVRxfgo-dcfP0prGuTc8NH0esuh2ZDMTO0bBmf7G6DGpm0rwPMxGKxbMz01MGbwXLlDlhwb8c3VbzjMrOuTV4V_K-si-C9NzMDIoI5IPj5ghtGDESJ4Eu90hVDsI5PnCMR/s1600/Iscsiwin02.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja5-8TBrvOgeXVRxfgo-dcfP0prGuTc8NH0esuh2ZDMTO0bBmf7G6DGpm0rwPMxGKxbMz01MGbwXLlDlhwb8c3VbzjMrOuTV4V_K-si-C9NzMDIoI5IPj5ghtGDESJ4Eu90hVDsI5PnCMR/s1600/Iscsiwin02.png" height="640" width="536" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><u>Step 3</u></b><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-AE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>:</span></u></b><b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Click on Add Portal<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-AE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>...</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuPaRFNl5e0EjCU4-G7P0sd7pxXl_04y5bs_ttGcFUncwv-vNZFEjUxawT55H9S6Y2L3id8TsS0DFH4vw3UdHlmw7bw770B6U2OszOiqRyy_tI7dXn-5ZAo9tDN4rRRlRIf5UUpqGMf0HD/s1600/Iscsiwin03.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuPaRFNl5e0EjCU4-G7P0sd7pxXl_04y5bs_ttGcFUncwv-vNZFEjUxawT55H9S6Y2L3id8TsS0DFH4vw3UdHlmw7bw770B6U2OszOiqRyy_tI7dXn-5ZAo9tDN4rRRlRIf5UUpqGMf0HD/s1600/Iscsiwin03.png" height="640" width="536" /></a></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><u>Step 4</u></b><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-AE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>:</span></u></b><b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Enter the IP Address or the DNS
Name of the Synology DiskStation, which is hosting the iSCSI Target<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Click Ok<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh03oZJ7aE3eBH8h56a4pa0M79Wo2Qub0UDmwhBhl-pYDctUd4H43eua4wkzRZ5W9f3fZZLkhw66RLnXcmtuEzocu3LT30pzn2jIrG4AA7v0JkEz6eKDAXKqMoJzAU0qUxuygahUKfJr7Ru/s1600/Iscsiwin04.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh03oZJ7aE3eBH8h56a4pa0M79Wo2Qub0UDmwhBhl-pYDctUd4H43eua4wkzRZ5W9f3fZZLkhw66RLnXcmtuEzocu3LT30pzn2jIrG4AA7v0JkEz6eKDAXKqMoJzAU0qUxuygahUKfJr7Ru/s1600/Iscsiwin04.png" height="640" width="534" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><u>Step 5</u></b><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-AE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>:</span></u></b><b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;">After the iSCSI Portal is
detected, click on Targets<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8h5ihO6Zt_A7upL_xEeyuEtfWzAoJCcs7h0KkahuRQz1qj4RL0Zt5iNQFwvjTwwSb1Kij2ujzenmBxePnqvkXNbtrPYSkMJFaQpopiSnIUQ3I9YMIrxec6qAhC2o8c7HMJwdtPQS9IRET/s1600/Iscsiwin05.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8h5ihO6Zt_A7upL_xEeyuEtfWzAoJCcs7h0KkahuRQz1qj4RL0Zt5iNQFwvjTwwSb1Kij2ujzenmBxePnqvkXNbtrPYSkMJFaQpopiSnIUQ3I9YMIrxec6qAhC2o8c7HMJwdtPQS9IRET/s1600/Iscsiwin05.png" height="640" width="534" /></a></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><u>Step 6</u></b><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-AE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>:</span></u></b><b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Select the Target to be used, and
click Log On<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8rRtLyG0LmxkZzpkjjKVlk6syuUETzfM3AjiDxVGfj3PNmN45v-ISmnKWhAOm9UAeRPgKPt2MGOuSrVyqsr23KEc1Ma-D_mHQM5R2zesSykEfUA2snFi6Aygl5kz3scn2-WkOayntRtLn/s1600/Iscsiwin06.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8rRtLyG0LmxkZzpkjjKVlk6syuUETzfM3AjiDxVGfj3PNmN45v-ISmnKWhAOm9UAeRPgKPt2MGOuSrVyqsr23KEc1Ma-D_mHQM5R2zesSykEfUA2snFi6Aygl5kz3scn2-WkOayntRtLn/s1600/Iscsiwin06.png" height="640" width="534" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><u>Step 7</u></b><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-AE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>:</span></u></b><b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Click on Advanced if CHAP or any
of the Advanced settings are enabled on the iSCSI Target on the Synology
DiskStation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Enter the CHAP Credentials if
needed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Close the Advanced Settings Window<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Suggestion: enable the
Automatically restore this connection when the computer starts or equivalent
function, so when the computer boots, it will automatically mount the iSCSI
Target<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-AE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Close the Log On to Target when
finished<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-AE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSPpTv3y9LxVA_bxQtzNkhGS78NfV3rljYRfmc085DHdz7T5znEsvRHoFl1IV9u22a2GcTCT8Jj8QVpVydJf8_mFQ_ah39DgZfRlUnUzi8jhqAUHSLPZ3AUTuQWmbUuc6uQtc70C3b-Onv/s1600/Iscsiwin07.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSPpTv3y9LxVA_bxQtzNkhGS78NfV3rljYRfmc085DHdz7T5znEsvRHoFl1IV9u22a2GcTCT8Jj8QVpVydJf8_mFQ_ah39DgZfRlUnUzi8jhqAUHSLPZ3AUTuQWmbUuc6uQtc70C3b-Onv/s1600/Iscsiwin07.png" /></a></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><u>Step 8</u></b><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-AE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>:</span></u></b><b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The iSCSI Target is now mounted<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXWHsf44iBIhk6Mzp1Ve4Y49cXAZun_td29zLqUkqfNJ1Xwf0ccSWuOUMmAbCxPUeiij-0FuDOU4zEU-bYv3DIF_-ZHP99RRn4ltuEZz9sDo3WrGHcoA96HvpHFrrDpu6UvOyRdHgYUePk/s1600/Iscsiwin08.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXWHsf44iBIhk6Mzp1Ve4Y49cXAZun_td29zLqUkqfNJ1Xwf0ccSWuOUMmAbCxPUeiij-0FuDOU4zEU-bYv3DIF_-ZHP99RRn4ltuEZz9sDo3WrGHcoA96HvpHFrrDpu6UvOyRdHgYUePk/s1600/Iscsiwin08.png" height="640" width="531" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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</h2>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-7681993503392348542013-09-05T11:08:00.000+01:002013-09-05T11:08:16.482+01:00Configuring iSCSI target on RHEL 6<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijOyYphT2QNvLJeaK-XdZF4yLCZBX9prEA83g_OxtohSA_OjfxRZRP5Cqr1QyF2I8SBzZO9EMVMpcifaEvjG_SZVyhfdKb8gYj5kl3SZteDVigAfhwycIb7BVELCnRtou6Stev2hIQn5Z3/s1600/5bigN2_8_EN.jpg" height="139" width="320" /></div>
<u style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></u>
<u style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Introduction:</span></u></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">iSCSI is Internet SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), an Internet Protocol (IP)-based storage networking standard for linking data storage facilities by carrying SCSI commands over IP networks. iSCSI is used to facilitate data transfers over intranets and to manage storage over long distances. iSCSI makes block devices available via the network. We can mount block devices (disks) across an IP network to local system and then use them like any other block device. iSCSI is a client-server protocol. The server-side is referred to as the 'target,' while the client-side is referred to as the 'initiator.' Both the target and initiator are uniquely identified by a string called the iSCSI Qualified Name (iQN). Initiators come in two varieties: software and hardware. A software initiator is just a driver that handles all requests and pairs the network interfaces driver and the SCSI drivers together to make it work. Using a software initiator any system with an Ethernet card can act as an iSCSI initiator. A hardware initiator is an iSCSI HBA, which is basically just an ethernet card with a SCSI ASIC onboard. Here we are configuring software initiator in RHEL 6.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">OS installation:<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Install RHEL 6 on the server with basic server installation and configure yum server on the machine.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Network setup:<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Configure network with ipaddress and make sure that clients are reachable to the server. By default iSCSI will listen to the port 3260, we have to add necessary rules in iptables to allow iSCSI. Ignore this step if firewall is disabled.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"># iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 3260 -j ACCEPT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"># service iptables save<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"># service iptables restart<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Install and enable the iSCSI target service:<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Install and enable the iSCSI target service with the following commands<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"># yum install scsi-target-utils<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"># chkconfig tgtd on<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"># service tgtd start<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Allocate storage for the LUNs:</span></u><span class="apple-style-span"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">The iSCSI target service is not dependent on a particular type of exported LUN. The LUNs can be plain files, LVM volumes, or block devices. There is however a performance overhead if using the LVM and/or file system layers as compared to block devices. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">This example demonstrates the creation<span class="apple-converted-space"> of a local partition /dec/sdc1 as iSCSI storage LUN<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"># fdisk -l /dev/sdc<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">Disk /dev/sdc: 3221 MB, 3221225472 bytes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 391 cylinders<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">Disk identifier: 0xc9a1606e<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">/dev/sdc1 1 391 3140676 83 Linux<span class="apple-converted-space"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">Create the targets:<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Targets can be created by adding an XML entry to the </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">/etc/tgt/targets.conf</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New';"> </span></b><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">file, using text editor. Following entries to be added.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">#vi /etc/tgt/targets.conf<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New';">default-driver iscsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New';"><target iqn.2008-09.com.example:server.target1=""><o:p></o:p></target></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New';"> backing-store /dev/sdc1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New';"> write-cache off<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Note:<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">The target attribute requires an iSCSI Qualified Name (IQN),following is the general format:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">iqn.yyyy-mm.reversed.domain.name:OptionalIdentifierText</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">yyyy-mm</span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"> represents the 4-digit year and 2-digit month the device was started (for example: 2011-07)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">reversed.domain.name</span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"> is the hosts domain name in reverse. For example, server1.example.com, in an IQN, becomes com.example.server1;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">OptionalIdentifierText</span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"> is any text string, without spaces, that helps the administrator identifies which device.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="all" /></span></u></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Restart tgtd service:<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Need to restart tgtd service after configuring iscsi target<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"># service tgtd restart<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New';">Stopping SCSI target daemon: [ OK ]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New';">Starting SCSI target daemon: [ OK ]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Checking configuration:<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">To confirm the successful operation , query the iSCSI target setup using following command<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"># tgt-admin --show<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">Target 1: iqn.2008-09.com.example:server.target1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> System information:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> Driver: iscsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> State: ready<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> I_T nexus information:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> LUN information:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> LUN: 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> Type: controller<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> SCSI ID: IET 00010000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> SCSI SN: beaf10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> Size: 0 MB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> Online: Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> Removable media: No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> Backing store type: rdwr<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> Backing store path: None<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> LUN: 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> Type: disk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> SCSI ID: IET 00010001<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> SCSI SN: beaf11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> Size: 3216 MB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> Online: Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> Removable media: No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> Backing store type: rdwr<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> Backing store path: /dev/sdc1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> Account information:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> ACL information:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> ALL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Client side configuration:<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">1 ) Install iscsi-initiator-utils package on the client using yum<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"># yum install iscsi-initiator-utils<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">2 )Discover the target LUN’s exported by server using following command. It will provide iqn name with of LUN associated with given ip address<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"># iscsiadm -m discovery -t sendtargets -p 10.30.32.206<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New';">Starting iscsid: [ OK ]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New';">10.30.32.206:3260,1 iqn.2008-09.com.example:server.target1t<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">Note :<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">-p : it is indicates the address of target server.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">3) To connect iSCSI target we can use following command , we need to mention server ip and iqn name.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"># iscsiadm -m node -T iqn.2008-09.com.example:server.target1 –p 10.30.32.206 –login<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">Note :<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">-p : it is indicates the address of target server.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">-T : This option specifies iqn of target server<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Now iSCSI target is connected from ip 10.30.32.206.To find out </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">the device associated with the iSCSI LUN. We have to check </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">/var/log/message</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"># tail /var/log/messages<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">Dec 26 14:22:50 localhost kernel: scsi 3:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg4 type 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">Dec 26 14:22:50 localhost kernel: scsi 3:0:0:1: Direct-Access IET VIRTUAL-DISK 0001 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">Dec 26 14:22:50 localhost kernel: sd 3:0:0:1: Attached scsi generic sg5 type 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">Dec 26 14:22:50 localhost kernel: sd 3:0:0:1: [sdd] 6281352 512-byte logical blocks: (3.21 GB/2.99 GiB)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">Dec 26 14:22:50 localhost kernel: sd 3:0:0:1: [sdd] Write Protect is off<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">Dec 26 14:22:50 localhost kernel: sd 3:0:0:1: [sdd] Write cache: disabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Dec 26 14:22:50 localhost kernel: sdd: sdd1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">Dec 26 14:22:50 localhost kernel: sd 3:0:0:1: [sdd] Attached SCSI disk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">Dec 26 14:22:50 localhost libvirtd: 14:22:50.833: error : udevGetSCSIType:747 : Failed to find SCSI device type 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">Dec 26 14:22:50 localhost iscsid: Connection1:0 to [target: iqn.2008-09.com.example:server.target1, portal: 10.30.32.206,3260] through [iface: default] is operational now<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">In this demo, iSCSI LUN is linked as <i>/ded/sdd1</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Creating file system:<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"> we can create file system on /ded/sdd1 and use locally.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"># mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdd1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"># mkdir iSCSI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"># mount /dev/sdd1 /iSCSI/<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Adding entry in /etc/fstab:<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Find out UUID of device using following command<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"># blkid /dev/sdd1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">/dev/sdd1: UUID="9674832d-c995-4ac8-b6da-0d25efa088d0" TYPE="ext3"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Add the following entry in <i>/etc/fstab</i> using vi editor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">“UUID=9674832d-c995-4ac8-b6da-0d25efa088d0 /iSCSI ext3 _netdev 0 0”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">[root@dhcpserver /]#</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">cat /etc/fstab</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">#<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"># /etc/fstab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"># Created by anaconda on Thu Jun 2 00:41:38 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">#<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"># Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"># See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">#<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root / ext4 defaults 1 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">UUID=9c732237-b39f-4024-a631-3c264e637179 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap swap swap defaults 0 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">proc /proc proc defaults 0 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">UUID=9674832d-c995-4ac8-b6da-0d25efa088d0 /iSCSI ext3 _netdev 0 0</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">The added entry is highlighted in the above output.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Note:</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;">We must use </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New';">_netdev</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"> parameter while adding entry in </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New';">/etc/fstab,</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;">Which is used to prevent the system from attempting to mount the file systems until the network has been enabled on the system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-3437694982484537812013-08-25T16:48:00.003+01:002013-08-25T16:48:23.081+01:00Linux Hard Disk Encryption With LUKS [ cryptsetup Command ]<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.286em; line-height: 1.222em;">Linux encryption methods</span></div>
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There are two methods to encrypt your data:</div>
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#1: Filesystem stacked level encryption</h3>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://launchpad.net/ecryptfs" style="color: #2361a1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">eCryptfs</a> - It is a cryptographic stacked Linux filesystem. eCryptfs stores cryptographic metadata in the header of each file written, so that encrypted files can be copied between hosts; the file will be decrypted with the proper key in the Linux kernel keyring. This solution is widely used, as the basis for Ubuntu's Encrypted Home Directory, natively within Google's ChromeOS, and transparently embedded in several network attached storage (NAS) devices.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.arg0.net/encfs" style="color: #2361a1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">EncFS</a> -It provides an encrypted filesystem in user-space. It runs without any special permissions and uses the FUSE library and Linux kernel module to provide the filesystem interface. You can find links to source and binary releases below. EncFS is open source software, licensed under the GPL.</li>
</ol>
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#2: Block device level encryption</h3>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/loop-aes/" style="color: #2361a1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">Loop-AES</a> - Fast and transparent file system and swap encryption package for linux. No source code changes to linux kernel. Works with 3.x, 2.6, 2.4, 2.2 and 2.0 kernels.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.truecrypt.org/" style="color: #2361a1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">Truecrypt</a> - It is free open-source disk encryption software for Windows 7/Vista/XP, Mac OS X and Linux.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://code.google.com/p/cryptsetup/" style="color: #2361a1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">dm-crypt+LUKS</a> - dm-crypt is a transparent disk encryption subsystem in Linux kernel v2.6+ and later and DragonFly BSD. It can encrypt whole disks, removable media, partitions, software RAID volumes, logical volumes, and files.</li>
</ol>
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In this post, I will explain how to encrypt your partitions using Linux Unified Key Setup-on-disk-format (LUKS) on your Linux based computer or laptop.</div>
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Step #1: Install cryptsetup utility</h2>
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You need to install the following package. It contains cryptsetup, a utility for setting up encrypted filesystems using Device Mapper and the dm-crypt target. Debian / Ubuntu Linux user type the following <a href="http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-debian-package-management-cheat-sheet.html" style="color: #2361a1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">apt-get command</a>:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;"># apt-get install cryptsetup</code><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Sample outputs:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); clear: both; color: #111111; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;">Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
cryptsetup-bin libcryptsetup4
Suggested packages:
busybox
The following NEW packages will be installed:
cryptsetup cryptsetup-bin libcryptsetup4
0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 7 not upgraded.
Need to get 168 kB of archives.
After this operation, 669 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y
Get:1 http://ap-northeast-1.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise/main libcryptsetup4 amd64 2:1.4.1-2ubuntu4 [55.8 kB]
Get:2 http://ap-northeast-1.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise/main cryptsetup-bin amd64 2:1.4.1-2ubuntu4 [32.2 kB]
Get:3 http://ap-northeast-1.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise/main cryptsetup amd64 2:1.4.1-2ubuntu4 [80.0 kB]
Fetched 168 kB in 0s (268 kB/s)
Preconfiguring packages ...
Selecting previously unselected package libcryptsetup4.
(Reading database ... 25374 files and directories currently installed.)
Unpacking libcryptsetup4 (from .../libcryptsetup4_2%3a1.4.1-2ubuntu4_amd64.deb) ...
Selecting previously unselected package cryptsetup-bin.
Unpacking cryptsetup-bin (from .../cryptsetup-bin_2%3a1.4.1-2ubuntu4_amd64.deb) ...
Selecting previously unselected package cryptsetup.
Unpacking cryptsetup (from .../cryptsetup_2%3a1.4.1-2ubuntu4_amd64.deb) ...
Processing triggers for man-db ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead ...
Setting up libcryptsetup4 (2:1.4.1-2ubuntu4) ...
Setting up cryptsetup-bin (2:1.4.1-2ubuntu4) ...
Setting up cryptsetup (2:1.4.1-2ubuntu4) ...
update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated)
Processing triggers for libc-bin ...
ldconfig deferred processing now taking place
Processing triggers for initramfs-tools ...
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-3.2.0-31-virtual
</pre>
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RHEL / CentOS / Fedora Linux user type the following <a href="http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/" style="color: #2361a1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">yum command</a>:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;"># yum install cryptsetup-luks</code></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.286em; line-height: 1.222em; margin: 1.833em 0px 0.611em; padding: 0px;">
Step #2: Configure LUKS partition</h2>
<div style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(178, 34, 34); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; color: #111111; font-family: Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21.984375px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em;">
<img src="http://s0.cyberciti.org/images/misc/warning-40px.png" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Warning examples may crash your computer and data" /><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">WARNING!</strong> The following command will remove all data on the partition that you are encrypting. You WILL lose all your information! So make sure you backup your data to an external source such as NAS or hard disk before typing any one of the following command.</div>
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In this example, I'm going to encrpt /dev/xvdc. Type the following command:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;"># cryptsetup -y -v luksFormat /dev/xvdc</code><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Sample outputs:</div>
<pre class="ini" style="background-color: #eeeeee; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); clear: both; color: #111111; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;">
WARNING!
========
This will overwrite data on /dev/xvdc irrevocably.
Are you sure? <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(</span>Type uppercase yes<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">)</span>: YES
Enter LUKS passphrase:
Verify passphrase:
Command successful.
</pre>
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This command initializes the volume, and sets an initial key or passphrase. Please note that the passphrase is not recoverable so do not forget it.Type the following command create a mapping:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;"># cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/xvdc backup2</code><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Sample outputs:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); clear: both; color: #111111; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;">Enter passphrase for /dev/xvdc:</pre>
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You can see a mapping name /dev/mapper/backup2 after successful verification of the supplied key material which was created with luksFormat command extension:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;"># ls -l /dev/mapper/backup2</code><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Sample outputs:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); clear: both; color: #111111; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;">lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Oct 19 19:37 /dev/mapper/backup2 -> ../dm-0</pre>
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You can use the following command to see the status for the mapping:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;"># cryptsetup -v status backup2</code><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Sample outputs:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); clear: both; color: #111111; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;">/dev/mapper/backup2 is active.
type: LUKS1
cipher: aes-cbc-essiv:sha256
keysize: 256 bits
device: /dev/xvdc
offset: 4096 sectors
size: 419426304 sectors
mode: read/write
Command successful.
</pre>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21.984375px; margin-bottom: 1.571em; padding: 0px;">
You can dump LUKS headers using the following command:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;"># cryptsetup luksDump /dev/xvdc</code></div>
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Step #3: Format LUKS partition</h2>
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First, you need to write zeros to /dev/mapper/backup2 encrypted device. This will allocate block data with zeros. This ensures that outside world will see this as random data i.e. it protect against disclosure of usage patterns:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;"># dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/mapper/backup2</code><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />The dd command may take many hours to complete. I suggest that you use <a href="http://www.cyberciti.biz/open-source/command-line-hacks/pv-command-examples/" style="color: #2361a1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">pv command to monitor the progress</a>:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;"># pv -tpreb /dev/zero | dd of=/dev/mapper/backup2 bs=128M</code><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />To <a href="http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-disk-format/" style="color: #2361a1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">create a filesystem</a> i.e. format filesystem, enter:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;"># mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/backup2</code><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />To <a href="http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/mount-command-in-unix/" style="color: #2361a1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">mount the new filesystem at /backup2</a>, enter:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;"># mkdir /backup2<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /># mount /dev/mapper/backup2 /backup2<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /># df -H<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /># cd /backup2<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /># ls -l</code></div>
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How do I unmount and secure data?</h2>
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Type the following commands:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;"># <a href="http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/tag/umount-command/" style="color: #2361a1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">umount</a> /backup2<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /># cryptsetup luksClose backup2</code></div>
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How do I mount or remount encrypted partition?</h2>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21.984375px; margin-bottom: 1.571em; padding: 0px;">
Type the following command:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;"># cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/xvdc backup2<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /># mount /dev/mapper/backup2 /backup2<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /># df -H<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /># mount</code><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />See <a href="http://bash.cyberciti.biz/security/linux-opens-luks-partition-mount-dm-crypt-partition/" style="color: #2361a1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">shell script wrapper that opens LUKS partition</a> and sets up a mapping for nas devices.</div>
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Can I run fsck on LUKS based partition / LVM volume?</h2>
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Yes, you can use the <a href="http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-check-file-system-consistency/" style="color: #2361a1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">fsck command</a> On LUKS based systems:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;"># umount /backup2<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /># fsck -vy /dev/mapper/backup2<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /># mount /dev/mapper/backup2 /backu2</code><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />See how to run <a href="http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-centos-rhel-fedora-debian-fsck-ext3-on-luks-volume/" style="color: #2361a1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">fsck On LUKS (dm-crypt) based LVM physical volume</a> for more details.</div>
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How do I change LUKS passphrase (password) for encrypted partition?</h2>
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Type the following command<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;">### see key slots, max -8 i.e. max 8 passwords can be setup for each device ####<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /># cryptsetup luksDump /dev/xvdc<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /># cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/xvdc</code></div>
<pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); clear: both; color: #111111; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;">Enter any passphrase:
Enter new passphrase for key slot:
Verify passphrase:
</pre>
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Remove or delete the old password:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; font-family: Consolas, 'Andale Mono', Monaco, Courier, 'Courier New', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.857em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;"># cryptsetup luksRemoveKey /dev/xvdc</code><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Please note that you need to enter the old password / passphrase.</div>
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Check out related media</h2>
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This tutorial also available in video format:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="334" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/OYE0OsWjd6M" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="594"></iframe></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
www.cyberciti.biz/hardware/howto-linux-hard-disk-encryption-with-luks-cryptsetup-command/</div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-68794004885076012172013-08-22T16:34:00.001+01:002013-08-22T16:34:54.232+01:00Install VNC Server On CentOS 6.4<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">In this handy tutorial, let me show you how to install vncserver on Centos 6.4 and how to connect to this server from remote hosts.</span></div>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Install Desktop Environment</strong></div>
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Sometimes you may need the GUI to do some tasks in Linux even if that tasks are not preferred for Unix administrations .</div>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">For GNOME:</strong></div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># yum groupinstall "General Purpose Desktop" "Desktop Platform"</pre>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> For KDE:</strong></div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># yum groupinstall "KDE Desktop"</pre>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Install VNC server</strong></div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># yum -y install vnc-server
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: centos.crazyfrogs.org
* epel: be.mirror.eurid.eu
* extras: centos.crazyfrogs.org
* updates: centos.crazyfrogs.org
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package tigervnc-server-module.i686 0:1.1.0-5.el6_4.1 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution</pre>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Install Tigervnc-Server</strong></div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># yum install tigervnc-server</pre>
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Make vnc password for user (<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Ex. pirat9</strong>). Login to the user and run the following command:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ vncpasswd
Password:
Verify:</pre>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Configure VNC configuration for new user</strong></div>
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Edit <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">/etc/sysconfig/vncservers</strong> file and add the user name:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;">VNCSERVERS="2:pirat9"</pre>
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you can add more users with multiple different display size for every user.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;">VNCSERVERS="2:userx 3:usery 4:userz"
VNCSERVERARGS[2]="-geometry 1280x1024"
VNCSERVERARGS[3]="-geometry 1280x1024"
VNCSERVERARGS[4]="-geometry 800x600"</pre>
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Make it to start automatically on every reboot and start the vnc service.<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" /></strong></div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># chkconfig vncserver on
# /etc/init.d/vncserver start
Starting VNC server: 2:pirat9 xauth: creating new authority file /home/pirat9/.Xauthority
xauth: (stdin):1: bad display name "unixmen-Centos64:2" in "add" command
New 'unixmen-Centos64:2 (pirat9)' desktop is unixmen-Centos64:2
Creating default startup script /home/pirat9/.vnc/xstartup
Starting applications specified in /home/pirat9/.vnc/xstartup
Log file is /home/pirat9/.vnc/unixmen-Centos64:2.log [ OK ]</pre>
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Download and install VNC viewer in your client systems and try to connect to your vnc server.</div>
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<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/vnccc.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="vnccc" class="size-full wp-image-18468 aligncenter" height="519" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/vnccc.png" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="430" /></a>Enter the password and you will able to connect to your server.</div>
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<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/VNC-final.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="VNC-final" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-18469" height="231" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/VNC-final-300x231.png" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="300" /></a></div>
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<div class="box-info" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #ebf5fa; background-image: url(http://cdn.unixmen.com/wp-content/themes/twentyeleven/images/tools/box_info.png); background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: none rgb(210, 220, 225); float: left; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: none; padding: 10px 50px; text-align: justify; width: 500px;">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-23556132064105876932013-08-19T11:29:00.001+01:002013-08-19T11:29:21.800+01:00network-configuration-files<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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Services in Linux are managed through the several configuration files. In this article we will walk through the network configuration files.</div>
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This article is the part of article series. Previous articles of this series.</div>
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IP address<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />How to assign IP address in Linux<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Networking tools</div>
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From previous articles you have learned the basic of IP address and their associated commands. In this article we addressing associated configuration files.</div>
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This article is written for RHCE exam prospective so we are including simplified configuration files.</div>
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These configuration files determine whether networking is started during the system boot process or not. Check these files when you have trouble with network configuration in Exam.</div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://computernetworkingnotes.com/templates/shape5_vertex/images/typography/s5_ul_arrow.png); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 18px;">/etc/init.d/network</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://computernetworkingnotes.com/templates/shape5_vertex/images/typography/s5_ul_arrow.png); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 18px;">/etc/sysconfig/network</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://computernetworkingnotes.com/templates/shape5_vertex/images/typography/s5_ul_arrow.png); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 18px;">/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://computernetworkingnotes.com/templates/shape5_vertex/images/typography/s5_ul_arrow.png); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 18px;">/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://computernetworkingnotes.com/templates/shape5_vertex/images/typography/s5_ul_arrow.png); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 18px;">/etc/nsswitch.conf</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://computernetworkingnotes.com/templates/shape5_vertex/images/typography/s5_ul_arrow.png); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 18px;">/etc/hosts</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://computernetworkingnotes.com/templates/shape5_vertex/images/typography/s5_ul_arrow.png); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 18px;">/etc/resolv.conf</li>
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/etc/init.d/network</h3>
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/etc/init.d directory store script files. You can run the scripts directly, or use the service command to start/stop. We will demonstrate both.</div>
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Sometimes by mistake you may deactivate the network interface. Or there is an unknown error in configuration. In trouble this should be first point to check.</div>
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Execute script directly</div>
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<pre style="overflow: auto; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;">#/etc/init.d/network status
</pre>
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<img alt="network-status" class="padded s5_lazyload" height="162" src="http://computernetworkingnotes.com/images/rhce_certification/rhce6/network-administration/network-configration-files/network-status.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; -webkit-transition: all 300ms ease-out; border: 4px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box !important; height: auto !important; margin: 2px 10px 8px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 300ms ease-out;" width="394" /></div>
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Use service command to execute script</div>
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<pre style="overflow: auto; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;">#service network status
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<img alt="service-network-status" class="padded s5_lazyload" height="244" src="http://computernetworkingnotes.com/images/rhce_certification/rhce6/network-administration/network-configration-files/service-network-status.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; -webkit-transition: all 300ms ease-out; border: 4px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box !important; height: auto !important; margin: 2px 10px 8px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 300ms ease-out;" width="413" /></div>
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Output will be same in both case it should list configured and active devices. Output will give you a clue for future steps. If a main device such as eth0 is not listed as active, that explains why the network seems to be down. Try to restart the network service.</div>
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<pre style="overflow: auto; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;">#service network restart
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<img alt="service-network-restart" class="padded s5_lazyload" height="150" src="http://computernetworkingnotes.com/images/rhce_certification/rhce6/network-administration/network-configration-files/service-network-restart.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; -webkit-transition: all 300ms ease-out; border: 4px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box !important; height: auto !important; margin: 2px 10px 8px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 300ms ease-out;" width="550" /></div>
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Any change made in IP configuration will not take place until you restart the network interface. This script will restart the network interface.</div>
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<pre style="overflow: auto; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;">#/etc/init.d/network restart
</pre>
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<img alt="network-restart" class="padded s5_lazyload" height="143" src="http://computernetworkingnotes.com/images/rhce_certification/rhce6/network-administration/network-configration-files/network-restart.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; -webkit-transition: all 300ms ease-out; border: 4px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box !important; height: auto !important; margin: 2px 10px 8px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 300ms ease-out;" width="550" /></div>
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If a restart of networking services does not solve the issue move to the next steps. Next step is to get into the configuration files.</div>
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/etc/sysconfig/network</h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; padding: 5px 0px;">
This file contains global configuration settings.</div>
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<img alt="etc-sysconfig-network" class="padded s5_lazyload" height="131" src="http://computernetworkingnotes.com/images/rhce_certification/rhce6/network-administration/network-configration-files/etc-sysconfig-network.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; -webkit-transition: all 300ms ease-out; border: 4px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box !important; height: auto !important; margin: 2px 10px 8px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 300ms ease-out;" width="375" /></div>
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This file specifies routing and host information for all network interfaces. </div>
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It is used to contain directives which are to have global effect and not to be interface specific.</div>
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Directive that you should check here for is NETWORKING=[yes][no].</div>
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If directive NETWORKING is set to no then the /etc/init.d/network script doesn’t activate any network devices. It must be set to yes in order to start networking.</div>
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Directive HOSTNAME controls computer name. If you want to change computer name, change it here.</div>
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If networking still not start check the status of networking service.</div>
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If the settings next to runlevels 3 and 5 are off, that’s a problem.</div>
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<img alt="chkconfig-list" class="padded s5_lazyload" height="106" src="http://computernetworkingnotes.com/images/rhce_certification/rhce6/network-administration/network-configration-files/chkconfig-list.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; -webkit-transition: all 300ms ease-out; border: 4px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box !important; height: auto !important; margin: 2px 10px 8px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 300ms ease-out;" width="550" /></div>
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To make sure a service is active in appropriate runlevels, run the chkconfig network on command.</div>
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<img alt="chkconfig-network-on" class="padded s5_lazyload" height="167" src="http://computernetworkingnotes.com/images/rhce_certification/rhce6/network-administration/network-configration-files/chkconfig-network-on.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; -webkit-transition: all 300ms ease-out; border: 4px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box !important; height: auto !important; margin: 2px 10px 8px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 300ms ease-out;" width="550" /></div>
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/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts</h3>
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/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts directory contain executable files based on a series of text commands. These executable files are actually scripts based on the ifup and ifdown commands customized for the network device type.</div>
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<img alt="ls-network-scripts" class="padded s5_lazyload" height="212" src="http://computernetworkingnotes.com/images/rhce_certification/rhce6/network-administration/network-configration-files/ls-network-scripts.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; -webkit-transition: all 300ms ease-out; border: 4px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box !important; height: auto !important; margin: 2px 10px 8px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 300ms ease-out;" width="454" /></div>
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service network restart command may return with error like it in above example for eth0. In such a situation you should try to reactivate particular network device with ifup or ifdown command.</div>
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<img alt="ifup-ifdown" class="padded s5_lazyload" height="180" src="http://computernetworkingnotes.com/images/rhce_certification/rhce6/network-administration/network-configration-files/ifup-ifdown.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; -webkit-transition: all 300ms ease-out; border: 4px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box !important; height: auto !important; margin: 2px 10px 8px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 300ms ease-out;" width="550" /></div>
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/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</h3>
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This file contain configuration for eth0 first network adaptor. What you see in the ifcfg-eth0 file depends on how that first Ethernet network adapter was configured.</div>
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<img alt="ifcfg-eth0" class="padded s5_lazyload" height="412" src="http://computernetworkingnotes.com/images/rhce_certification/rhce6/network-administration/network-configration-files/ifcfg-eth0.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; -webkit-transition: all 300ms ease-out; border: 4px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box !important; height: auto !important; margin: 2px 10px 8px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 300ms ease-out;" width="511" /></div>
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For exam you should understand following directive</h3>
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<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px;"><td align="left" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">DEVICE</strong></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;">Type of device. for example lo=loopback adaptor, eth0= first Ethernet, eth1 second Ethernet etc.</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px;"><td align="left" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">IPADDR</strong></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;">Static IP Address</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px;"><td align="left" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NETMASK</strong></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;">Network mask or subnet mask</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px;"><td align="left" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NETWORK</strong></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;">Network ID or network address</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px;"><td align="left" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BROADCAST</strong></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;">Broadcast address</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px;"><td align="left" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">GATEWAY</strong></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;">IP address of the default gateway</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px;"><td align="left" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ONBOOT</strong></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;">specify whether the device is activated during the boot process</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px;"><td align="left" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NAME</strong></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;">common name for the device</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px;"><td align="left" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">HWADDR</strong></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;">hardware address of network interface also known as MAC address</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px;"><td align="left" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NM_CONTROLLED</strong></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;">Specify that network card should be controlled by the Network Manager service or not. If it is set to yes be sure that Network Manager running</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px;"><td align="left" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BOOTPROTO</strong></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;">How IP address would be configured. dhcp for dynamic configuration, static for static ip configuration</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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/etc/nsswitch.conf</h3>
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This file includes database search entries. It include from authentication to name services.</div>
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<img alt="nsswitch" class="padded s5_lazyload" height="140" src="http://computernetworkingnotes.com/images/rhce_certification/rhce6/network-administration/network-configration-files/nsswitch.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; -webkit-transition: all 300ms ease-out; border: 4px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box !important; height: auto !important; margin: 2px 10px 8px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 300ms ease-out;" width="550" /></div>
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It includes the following entry which determines what database is search first.</div>
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<img alt="nsswitch1" class="padded s5_lazyload" height="512" src="http://computernetworkingnotes.com/images/rhce_certification/rhce6/network-administration/network-configration-files/nsswitch1.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; -webkit-transition: all 300ms ease-out; border: 4px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box !important; height: auto !important; margin: 2px 10px 8px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 300ms ease-out;" width="391" /></div>
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When a system gets a request to search for a hostname, the preceding directive means the /etc/hosts file is searched first.</div>
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If that name is not found in /etc/hosts, the next step is to search available configured DNS servers, normally using that configured in the /etc/resolv.conf file.</div>
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/etc/hosts</h3>
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This file is used to resolve hostnames that cannot be resolved any other way. It can also be used to resolve hostnames on small networks with no DNS server.</div>
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<div class="custom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<ins style="border: none; display: inline-table; height: 280px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 336px;"><ins id="aswift_4_anchor" style="border: none; display: block; height: 280px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 336px;"><iframe allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="280" hspace="0" id="aswift_4" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_4" scrolling="no" style="border-style: none; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px;" vspace="0" width="336"></iframe>This file by default contains a line specifying the IP address of the loopback device (127.0.0.1) as localhost.localdomain.</ins></ins></div>
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<img alt="etc-hosts" class="padded s5_lazyload" height="106" src="http://computernetworkingnotes.com/images/rhce_certification/rhce6/network-administration/network-configration-files/etc-hosts.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; -webkit-transition: all 300ms ease-out; border: 4px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box !important; height: auto !important; margin: 2px 10px 8px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 300ms ease-out;" width="550" /></div>
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/etc/resolv.conf</h3>
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This file specifies the IP addresses of DNS servers and the search domain. Unless configured to do otherwise, the network initialization scripts populate this file.</div>
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<img alt="etc-reslov" class="padded s5_lazyload" height="252" src="http://computernetworkingnotes.com/images/rhce_certification/rhce6/network-administration/network-configration-files/etc-reslov.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; -webkit-transition: all 300ms ease-out; border: 4px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgb(148, 147, 147) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box !important; height: auto !important; margin: 2px 10px 8px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 300ms ease-out;" width="474" /></div>
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These are the files which you need to be familiar with. So go through these files again and again until you feel comfortable.</div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-43143293141571083502013-08-07T11:12:00.001+00:002013-08-07T11:17:59.956+00:00Setup Your Own YouTube Like Website Using ClipBucket<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
<strong style="border: none; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://clip-bucket.com/" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">ClipBucket</a></strong><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">is an open-source and free Multimedia Management Script used to build your own media sharing site like YouTube, Metacafe, Veoh and Hulu etc. Whether you are a small fan club or a big Multi Tier Network operator, Clipbucket will fulfill your video management needs.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="opnOpffice" style="border: none; color: #444444; float: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: 615px;">
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<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/videosharing.jpg" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="videosharing" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14716" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/videosharing.jpg" height="375" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
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In this tutorial let us build a basic Youtube like website. Here i use <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">CentOS 6.4 32bit</strong> edition to setup this website. My hostname and IP address are <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">server.unixmen.com</strong> and<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">192.168.1.200/24</strong> respectively. Change these values as per your scenario.</div>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Prerequisites</strong></div>
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Install Apache, MySQL, PHP and PHP modules:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# yum install mysql mysql-server httpd php php-mysql php-gd php-imap php-ldap php-odbc php-pear php-xml php-xmlrpc php-mbstring wget unzip -y</strong></pre>
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Start/restart MySQL and Apache services now:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start
[root@server ~]# /etc/init.d/httpd start
[root@server ~]# chkconfig mysqld on
[root@server ~]# chkconfig httpd on</strong></pre>
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Create MySQL root user password:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# <span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">/usr/bin/mysql_secure_installation </span></strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MySQL</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE! PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">In order to log into MySQL to secure it, we'll need the current</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">password for the root user. If you've just installed MySQL, and</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">you haven't set the root password yet, the password will be blank,</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">so you should just press enter here.</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Enter current password for root (enter for none): </strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">OK, successfully used password, moving on...</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Setting the root password ensures that nobody can log into the MySQL</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">root user without the proper authorisation.</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Set root password? [Y/n] y</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">New password: </strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Re-enter new password: </strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Password updated successfully!</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Reloading privilege tables..</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> ... Success!</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">By default, a MySQL installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">to log into MySQL without having to have a user account created for</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">them. This is intended only for testing, and to make the installation</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">go a bit smoother. You should remove them before moving into a</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">production environment.</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] </strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> ... Success!</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from 'localhost'. This</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network.</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] </strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> ... Success!</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">By default, MySQL comes with a database named 'test' that anyone can</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">access. This is also intended only for testing, and should be removed</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">before moving into a production environment.</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] </strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> - Dropping test database...</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> ... Success!</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> - Removing privileges on test database...</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> ... Success!</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">will take effect immediately.</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] </strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> ... Success!</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Cleaning up...</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">All done! If you've completed all of the above steps, your MySQL</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">installation should now be secure.</strong>
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Thanks for using MySQL!</strong></pre>
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Create MySQL database and user for ClipBucket:<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"></strong></div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# <span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">mysql -u root -p</span>
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.1.69 Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> <span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">create database clipbucketdb;</span>
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> <span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON clipbucketdb.* TO 'clipbucketadmin' IDENTIFIED BY 'centos';</span>
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> <span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">flush privileges;</span>
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> <span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">exit</span>
Bye</strong></pre>
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Open the Apache default port <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">80</strong> through your firewall/router:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server html]# vi /etc/sysconfig/iptables
# Firewall configuration written by system-config-firewall
# Manual customization of this file is not recommended.
*filter
:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
<span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">-A INPUT -p udp -m state --state NEW --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 80 -j ACCEPT</span>
-A INPUT -p udp -m state --state NEW --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
-A FORWARD -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
COMMIT</strong></pre>
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Restart the iptables to save the changes:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server html]# /etc/init.d/iptables restart</strong></pre>
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Disable SELinux and reboot your system:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/selinux
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
<span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">SELINUX=disabled</span>
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these two values:
# targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
# mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted</strong></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
The following prerequisties will not be found in Official repositories. So let us install additional repositories <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">RPMForge</strong>, <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">EPEL</strong> and <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">RPMFusion</strong>:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server src]# rpm -ivh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
[root@server ~]# rpm -ivh http://pkgs.repoforge.org/rpmforge-release/rpmforge-release-0.5.3-1.el6.rf.i686.rpm
[root@server src]# rpm -ivh http://download1.rpmfusion.org/nonfree/el/updates/6/i386/rpmfusion-nonfree-release-6-1.noarch.rpm
[root@server src]# rpm -ivh http://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/el/updates/6/i386/rpmfusion-free-release-6-1.noarch.rpm</strong></pre>
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Now install these additional prerequisites.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;">[<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">root@server ~]# yum groupinstall "Development Tools"
[root@server ~]# yum install lame mencoder ffmpeg flvtool2 libogg libvorbis freetype-devel SDL-devel freeglut-devel zlib gpac -y</strong></pre>
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Open your <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">php.ini</strong> file and set change the values as shown below. To find the php.ini file enter the command:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# php -i|grep php.ini
Configuration File (php.ini) Path => /etc
Loaded Configuration File => <span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">/etc/php.ini</span>
PHP Warning: Unknown: It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings.</strong> You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected 'Asia/Calcutta' for 'IST/5.0/no DST' instead in Unknown on line 0</pre>
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Now open the php.ini file and edit as follows:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# vi /etc/php.ini
[...]
upload_max_filesize = 500M
max_execution_time = 36000
max_input_time = 600
memory_limit = 5000M
magic_quotes_gpc = On
magic_quotes_runtime = Off
register_globals = Off
output_buffering = Off
display_errors = On
short_open_tag = On
date.timezone = Asia/Calcutta</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Save and exit the file. To find your time zone navigate to<a href="http://www.php.net/manual/en/timezones.php" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://www.php.net/manual/en/timezones.php</a>.</div>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Install PHPShield Loaders</strong></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
PHPShield is an application that is used to protect the code in a 2 core files within PHPmotion. In order for PHPmotion to run, your server will need to have the PHPShield loaders correctly installed.</div>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Download PHPShield Loaders</strong></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Find the PHP extensions directory first:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# php -i|grep extension_dir
extension_dir => /usr/lib/php/modules => <span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">/usr/lib/php/modules</span></strong></pre>
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Now go to extension directory and download the phpshield loader. You can download the phpshield loaders <a href="http://www.phpshield.com/loaders/" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">here</a>:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# cd /usr/lib/php/modules/
[root@server modules]# wget http://www.phpshield.com/loaders/ixed4.lin.x86-32.zip</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
If you are using 64bit system, use this command instead:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server modules]# wget http://www.phpshield.com/loaders/ixed4.lin.x86-64.zip</strong></pre>
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Extract and export the phpshield loader value to your php.ini file. If you are using php version 5.3, then you should export ixed5.3 extension to your php.ini file:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server modules]# unzip ixed4.lin.x86-32.zip
[root@server modules]# echo "extension=ixed.5.3.lin" >> /etc/php.ini</strong></pre>
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Finally, reboot the system once to save and activate all settings.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Install ClipBucket</strong></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Download the latest version of ClipBucket <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/clipbucket/" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">here</a>.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Extract the downloaded file:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# unzip clipbucket-2.6-r738-security-fixed-p3.zip</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
This will extract the ClipBucket zip file to your current directory. Copy the contents of <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">/upload</strong>folder to Apache root document folder.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# cp -rf upload/* /var/www/html/
[root@server ~]# cp .htaccess /var/www/html/</strong></pre>
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Now set the full permissions to the following directories:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/includes/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/files/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/files/conversion_queue/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/files/logs/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/files/original/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/files/temp/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/files/thumbs/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/files/photos/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/files/videos/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/files/mass_uploads/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/files/temp/install.me
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/images/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/images/avatars/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/images/backgrounds/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/images/collection_thumbs/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/images/groups_thumbs/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/includes/langs/en.lang
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/cache/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/cache/comments/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/cache/userfeeds/
[root@server ~]# chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/cb_install/</strong></pre>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Begin Installation</strong></div>
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Navigate to <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">http://ip-address or domain-name/cb_install/</strong> from your browser and follow the on screen instructions.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ClipBucket-v2.6-STABLE-Installer-Mozilla-Firefox_001.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="ClipBucket v2.6 STABLE Installer - Mozilla Firefox_001" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14654" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ClipBucket-v2.6-STABLE-Installer-Mozilla-Firefox_001.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Click Continue.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ClipBucket-v2.6-STABLE-Installer-Mozilla-Firefox_002.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="ClipBucket v2.6 STABLE Installer - Mozilla Firefox_002" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14660" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ClipBucket-v2.6-STABLE-Installer-Mozilla-Firefox_002.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
It will check the files/folders permissions now, if everything seems ok, click Continue.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ClipBucket-v2.6-STABLE-Installer-Mozilla-Firefox_003.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="ClipBucket v2.6 STABLE Installer - Mozilla Firefox_003" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14661" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ClipBucket-v2.6-STABLE-Installer-Mozilla-Firefox_003.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Enter the database name, database user and password. Click Continue.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ClipBucket-v2.6-STABLE-Installer-Mozilla-Firefox_0041.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="ClipBucket v2.6 STABLE Installer - Mozilla Firefox_004" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14663" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ClipBucket-v2.6-STABLE-Installer-Mozilla-Firefox_0041.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Enter the Administrative account details and click Continue.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ClipBucket-v2.6-STABLE-Installer-Mozilla-Firefox_005.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="ClipBucket v2.6 STABLE Installer - Mozilla Firefox_005" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14664" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ClipBucket-v2.6-STABLE-Installer-Mozilla-Firefox_005.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Enter the site name, site slogan and site URL etc and click Continue.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ClipBucket-v2.6-STABLE-Installer-Mozilla-Firefox_006.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="ClipBucket v2.6 STABLE Installer - Mozilla Firefox_006" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14665" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ClipBucket-v2.6-STABLE-Installer-Mozilla-Firefox_006.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
The registration page will appear. It is optional. You can skip and finish the installation.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ClipBucket-v2.6-STABLE-Installer-Mozilla-Firefox_007.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="ClipBucket v2.6 STABLE Installer - Mozilla Firefox_007" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14666" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ClipBucket-v2.6-STABLE-Installer-Mozilla-Firefox_007.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Now the ClipBucket has been installed.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ClipBucket-v2.6-STABLE-Installer-Mozilla-Firefox_008.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="ClipBucket v2.6 STABLE Installer - Mozilla Firefox_008" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14669" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ClipBucket-v2.6-STABLE-Installer-Mozilla-Firefox_008.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Post Installation</strong></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Delete the <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">/db_install</strong> folder. And also don’t forget to change the permission of directory<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">/includes</strong> to <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">755</strong>.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# rm -fr /var/www/html/cb_install/
[root@server ~]# chmod -Rv 755 /var/www/html/includes/</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Add the following line in your crontab as shown below:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# vi /var/spool/cron/root
* * * * * php -q /var/www/html/actions/video_convert.php
* * * * * php -q /var/www/html/actions/verify_converted_videos.php
0 0,12,13 * * * php -q /var/www/html/actions/update_cb_stats.php</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Restart the cron daemon:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[root@server ~]# service crond restart</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Now login to admin by clicking on <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Continue to Admin Area</strong>. Enter the username and password. Or navigate to <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">http://ip-address or domain-name/admin_area</strong> from your browser.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Admin-Login-Mozilla-Firefox_009.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Unixmen Media Site › Admin Login - Mozilla Firefox_009" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14671" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Admin-Login-Mozilla-Firefox_009.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
This is how my Administration Page looks:</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Administration-Panel-Mozilla-Firefox_010.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Unixmen Media Site › Administration Panel - Mozilla Firefox_010" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14673" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Administration-Panel-Mozilla-Firefox_010.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
In this page you can create users, groups, collections and can upload media files so on. Before going further, we must do the following tasks. Go to <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Stats and Configurations</strong> on left pane. Click on <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Website Settings</strong>. Make sure you have given all the required values such as<span class="itxtrst itxtrstspan itxtnowrap" id="itxthook0p" style="border: 0px; bottom: auto; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px !important; outline: none; padding: 0px !important; position: static; right: auto; text-align: left; top: auto; white-space: nowrap !important;"><span class="itxtrst itxtrstspan itxtnowrap itxtnewhookspan" id="itxthook0w" style="border-color: transparent transparent rgb(0, 204, 0); border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; bottom: auto; color: #009900; display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; height: auto; left: auto; list-style: none; margin: 0px !important; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; right: auto; text-decoration: underline !important; top: auto; white-space: normal;">website name</span></span>, slogan and timezone.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Website-Configurations-Mozilla-Firefox_020.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Unixmen Media Site › Website Configurations - Mozilla Firefox_020" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14686" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Website-Configurations-Mozilla-Firefox_020.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Website-Configurations-Mozilla-Firefox_021.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Unixmen Media Site › Website Configurations - Mozilla Firefox_021" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14687" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Website-Configurations-Mozilla-Firefox_021.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Website-Configurations-Mozilla-Firefox_022.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Unixmen Media Site › Website Configurations - Mozilla Firefox_022" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14688" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Website-Configurations-Mozilla-Firefox_022.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
After you entered everything, click <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Update Settings</strong>. Navigate to <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Uploading and Conversion Settings</strong> tab. Check the paths of all modules are correct.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Important:</span> Double check the FFMPEG, PHP, MP4Box and Flvtool2 paths.</strong></span></div>
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<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Website-Configurations-Mozilla-Firefox_023.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Unixmen Media Site › Website Configurations - Mozilla Firefox_023" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14689" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Website-Configurations-Mozilla-Firefox_023.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Website-Configurations-Mozilla-Firefox_024.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Unixmen Media Site › Website Configurations - Mozilla Firefox_024" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14690" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Website-Configurations-Mozilla-Firefox_024.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Website-Configurations-Mozilla-Firefox_025.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Unixmen Media Site › Website Configurations - Mozilla Firefox_025" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14691" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Website-Configurations-Mozilla-Firefox_025.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
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If you have any doubts on the settings, please refer the screenshots.</div>
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If all the values are valid click <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Update settings</strong>.</div>
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Navigate to <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Tool Box</strong> on the left pane and click <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Server Modules Info</strong>. If you have given the correct path in your previous steps, every modules should work as shown in the below screen shot.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-ClipBucket-Server-Module-Checker-Mozilla-Firefox_027.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Unixmen Media Site › ClipBucket Server Module Checker - Mozilla Firefox_027" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14693" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-ClipBucket-Server-Module-Checker-Mozilla-Firefox_027.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
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That’s it. Now the initial configuration is done.</div>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Test ClipBucket</strong></div>
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Let us add a sample video to our media site. Go to the ClipBucket Administration area <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">(http://ip-address/admin_area/)</strong>.</div>
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<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Admin-Login-Mozilla-Firefox_028.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Unixmen Media Site › Admin Login - Mozilla Firefox_028" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14694" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Admin-Login-Mozilla-Firefox_028.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
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Navigate to <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Videos -> Manage Categories</strong>. Enter the category name and description. Click Add Category.</div>
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<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Video-Category-Manager-Mozilla-Firefox_029.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Unixmen Media Site › Video Category Manager - Mozilla Firefox_029" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14695" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Video-Category-Manager-Mozilla-Firefox_029.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
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Go to your Homepage <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">(http://ip-address or Domain-name)</strong>.</div>
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Click on <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Upload Video</strong> on the top right corner of your home page.</div>
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<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-A-way-to-broadcast-yourself-Mozilla-Firefox_037.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Unixmen Media Site - A way to broadcast yourself - Mozilla Firefox_037" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14699" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-A-way-to-broadcast-yourself-Mozilla-Firefox_037.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
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Select the videos to upload.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-Upload-Mozilla-Firefox_038.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Unixmen Media Site - Upload - Mozilla Firefox_038" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14700" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-Upload-Mozilla-Firefox_038.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Enter name of the video, description etc. Click Save Data.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-Upload-Mozilla-Firefox_040.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Unixmen Media Site - Upload - Mozilla Firefox_040" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14702" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-Upload-Mozilla-Firefox_040.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
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The uploaded data will immediately converted and uploaded to your site. Wait for few minutes. It will take a while depending upon your size of the video. You can view the status of the video on the <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Video Manager</strong> in your Administration Page.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Video-Manager-Mozilla-Firefox_041.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Unixmen Media Site › Video Manager - Mozilla Firefox_041" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14703" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-%E2%80%BA-Video-Manager-Mozilla-Firefox_041.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Once the video conversion is finished, your video will appear on your home page. Click on the video to play. This is how my media site looks in live.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-AKON-2010-Mozilla-Firefox_042.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Unixmen Media Site - AKON 2010 - Mozilla Firefox_042" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14704" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Unixmen-Media-Site-AKON-2010-Mozilla-Firefox_042.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
That’s it. Enjoy! For more information about ClipBucket installation and usage visit the Official <a href="http://docs.clip-bucket.com/" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">wiki page</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-56222926684658605852013-08-07T11:07:00.002+00:002013-08-07T11:07:20.300+00:00VnStat PHP: A Graphical Frontend For VnStat Network Bandwidth Monitoring Tool<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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We have already shown you how to install and monitor network interface bandwidth usage using vnStat in our previous article. Since vnStat command is only command mode, the author of vnStat have created cool Graphical PHP frontend called vnStat PHP frontend to view vnStat graphs. You can view the network interfaces bandwidth usages in you browser itself. I must thank Unixmen Reader <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Padhu</strong> for mentioning this tool. Well, let us see how to install and configure vnStat PHP frontend utility.</div>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Prerequisites</strong></div>
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Before proceed, vnStat tool should be properly installed and should collect network statistics. To know more about installaing and Monitoring vnStat tool, refer our previous article here.</div>
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And you have to install <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Apache</strong>, <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">PHP</strong> and <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">php-gd</strong> extension. Enter the following command to install them.</div>
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On Ubuntu/Debian:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">$ sudo apt-get install apache2 php5 php5-gd</strong></pre>
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On CentOS/RHEL:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">$ yum install httpd php php-gd -y</strong></pre>
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Start Apache service.</div>
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On Ubuntu/Debian:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 start</strong></pre>
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On CentOS/RHEL:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">$ service httpd start
$ chkconfig httpd on</strong></pre>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Getting vnStat PHP</strong></div>
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Download vnStat PHP tool using the following command:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">$ wget http://www.sqweek.com/sqweek/files/vnstat_php_frontend-1.5.1.tar.gz</strong></pre>
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Extract it using command:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">$ tar xvf vnstat_php_frontend-1.5.1.tar.gz</strong></pre>
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It will be extracted as folder <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">vnstat_php_frontend-x.x.x</strong> in your current directory. Copy the contents of the folder to web server root folder as shown below.</div>
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On Ubuntu/Debian:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">$ sudo cp -fr vnstat_php_frontend-1.5.1/ /var/www/vnstat</strong></pre>
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On CentOS/RHEL:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">$ sudo cp -fr vnstat_php_frontend-1.5.1/ /var/www/html/vnstat</strong></pre>
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<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Configure</strong></div>
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Open vnStat PHP <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">config.php</strong> file.</div>
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On Ubuntu/Debian:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">$ sudo vi /var/www/vnstat/config.php</strong></pre>
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On CentOS/RHEL:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">$ sudo vi /var/www/html/vnstat/config.php</strong></pre>
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Set your language:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[...]
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">// edit these to reflect your particular situation
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> //
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> $locale = 'en_US.UTF-8';
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> $language = <span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">'en'</span>;
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[...]</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Enter you network interfaces to be monitored. In my case I am monitoring eth0 and eth1:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[...]
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">// list of network interfaces monitored by vnStat
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> $iface_list = array('<span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">eth0</span>', '<span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">eth1</span>');
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[...]</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Save and exit the file.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Allow apache port <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">80</strong> through your firewall/router.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
If you are using Ubuntu/Debian systems, run the following command:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">$ sudo ufw allow 80</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
If you are using CentOS/RHEL:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># vi /etc/sysconfig/iptables</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Add the following line.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[...]
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">-A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[...]</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Disable SELInux:</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># vi /etc/sysconfig/selinux</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Set <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">SELINUX=disabled</strong>.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: none; color: red; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">SELINUX=disabled</span>
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these two values:
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># mls - Multi Level Security protection.
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">SELINUXTYPE=targeted</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Save and exit the file. Reboot your system.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Testing</strong></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Navigate to <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">http://localhost/vnstat</strong> or <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">http://ip-address/vnstat</strong> from your web browser. Now you will able to see the network graphs as shown below.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/vnStat-PHP-frontend-Mozilla-Firefox_001.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="vnStat - PHP frontend - Mozilla Firefox_001" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-15853" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/vnStat-PHP-frontend-Mozilla-Firefox_001.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a>View by Hours:</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Click on the link hours in the left pane, you’ll be able to view the usage in hourly basis.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/vnStat-PHP-frontend-Mozilla-Firefox_002.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="vnStat - PHP frontend - Mozilla Firefox_002" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-15854" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/vnStat-PHP-frontend-Mozilla-Firefox_002.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"></strong></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
Also you can set the names for your network interfaces. To do so, open <strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">config.php</strong> file and edit as shown below.</div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fafafa; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none; padding: 10px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[...]
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">// optional names for interfaces
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> // if there's no name set for an interface then the interface identifier
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> // will be displayed instead
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> //
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> $iface_title['eth0'] = 'Internal';
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> $iface_title['eth1'] = 'External';
</strong><strong style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">[...]</strong></pre>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
You can define your own names. Now refresh the page. You will see that the network interfaces names has been changed.</div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<a class="fancybox" href="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/vnStat-PHP-frontend-Mozilla-Firefox_003.png" style="border: none; color: #dd5500; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="vnStat - PHP frontend - Mozilla Firefox_003" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-15855" src="http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/vnStat-PHP-frontend-Mozilla-Firefox_003.png" height="302" style="border: none; display: block; list-style: none; margin: 10px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;" width="500" /></a></div>
<div style="border: none; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
</div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">- See more at: http://www.unixmen.com/how-to-view-vnstat-bandwidth-usage-result-with-vnstat-php-frontend/#sthash.oj4j8tAC.dpuf</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-65352524140237593982013-08-05T20:57:00.001+00:002013-08-05T20:57:11.996+00:00set up a home network (CentOS)<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://vjetnamnet.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/centos6.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #0077cb; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsAEd9-t1l9VdH7DmSzqL_-IF2dd5WM8wME-lYY769Ab2vKnDrhqUGLmhYaMivOmglC12vja2_3NbZFll0A9XMA4vsSa-xPTmg_cxeivxbrQjoz-LiHhVbB3NaJ5BXqPefXkhsw-8Ve0qI/s1600/shutterstock_85778392-test.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsAEd9-t1l9VdH7DmSzqL_-IF2dd5WM8wME-lYY769Ab2vKnDrhqUGLmhYaMivOmglC12vja2_3NbZFll0A9XMA4vsSa-xPTmg_cxeivxbrQjoz-LiHhVbB3NaJ5BXqPefXkhsw-8Ve0qI/s1600/shutterstock_85778392-test.jpg" height="270" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">If you’re trying to set up a home network, you
probably want to set up a permiter facing computer connected to your DSL/Cable
modem, and then put all of your computers behind that firewall box to keep them
safe. This tutorialwill show you how to use a single external connection
on the gateway computer (using Iptables firewall), and a second internal
connection on the same box so you can connect the computers on
the inside of your home/office to it, and automatically give them IP’s
when you hook them up (using DHCP server). Iptables can be very complicated, we
will only configure a basic firewall, you can add more security later without
breaking things. In Linux there are many ways to do this, this one is hopefully
simple enough and will teach you the basics. I did this on a CentOS 6 box,
though it would work on Debian variants with only slight modifications. During
this tutorial I’m logged in as root, which you should generally NOT
do, but it makes the tutorial simpler, but if you prefer to do it
more securely, add “sudo” before each command and it will work.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 15pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The computers on the inside of your
office will also be able to talk to each other, so you can hook up printers,
computers and share network connections through the switch as well. You can
also set up things on your Gateway server box later like a network backup
drive for all your computers using Samba relatively simply. There’s a lot
of expandability in this setup, but we’ll keep it simple for now.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 15pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The first thing to do on your Gateway server
is configure and enable Iptables, the default firewall that comes with CentOS.
We will tell it to allow outbound traffic from your eth1 interface to the
internet. You have to add an Iptables entry, save it and restart Iptables.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 15pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 15pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #993300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Step 1. Add 2 Network cards to the
Linux box</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 15pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #993300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Step 2. Verify the Network cards, check
if they installed properly or not</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 15pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #993300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Step 3. Configure eth0 for Internet with a
Public (External network or Internet)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 15pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #993300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># vi
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr>
<td style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">DEVICE=eth0</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">BOOTPROTO=static</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">HWADDR=00:0c:29:d2:c2:75</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">IPADDR=192.168.1.10</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">BROADCAST=192.168.1.255</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">NETMASK=255.255.255.0</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">NETWORK=192.168.1.0</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">GATEWAY=192.168.1.1</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">DNS1=8.8.8.8</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">DNS2=8.8.4.4</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">ONBOOT=yes</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">TYPE=Ethernet</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">USERCTL=no</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">IPV6INIT=no</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">PEERDNS=yes</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #993300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Step 4. Configure eth1 for LAN with a Private
IP (Internal private network)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># vi
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">DEVICE=eth1</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">BOOTPROTO=static</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">HWADDR=00:0c:29:d2:c2:7f</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">IPADDR=192.168.10.1</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">BROADCAST=192.168.10.255</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">NETMASK=255.255.255.0</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">NETWORK=192.168.10.0</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">GATEWAY=192.168.1.10</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># Enter Ip of eth0 </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">ONBOOT=yes</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">TYPE=Ethernet</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">USERCTL=no</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">IPV6INIT=no</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">PEERDNS=yes</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">If you get error can’t bringing up interface eth1, and type:</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># service
NetworkManager stop</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># chkconfig
NetworkManager off</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># service network
start</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># chkconfig network
on</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 15pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #993300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Step 5. Host Configuration (Optional)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># vi /etc/hosts</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">127.0.0.1</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">nat
localhost.localdomain localhost</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 15pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #993300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Step 6. Gateway Configuration</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># vi
/etc/sysconfig/network</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">NETWORKING=yes</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">HOSTNAME=nat</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">GATEWAY=192.168.1.1</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># Internet Gateway,
provided by the ISP</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; line-height: 15pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #993300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Step 7. DNS Configuration</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: black; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># vi
/etc/resolv.conf</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">nameserver 8.8.8.8</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># Primary DNS
Server provided by the ISP</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">nameserver 8.8.4.4</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># Secondary DNS
Server provided by the ISP</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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</tbody></table>
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<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #993300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Step 8. Configure DHCP server to give out the
IP’s to the computers on the inside of the LAN</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">We do that by installing the DHCP server like
this:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># yum install dhcp</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Configure a DHCP Server:</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># vi
/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">option domain-name</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">"vjetnamnet.com";</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">option
domain-name-servers 8.8.8.8,</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">8.8.4.4;</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">default-lease-time 600;</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">max-lease-time 7200;</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">ddns-update-style
none;</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">authoritative;</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">subnet 192.168.10.0</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">netmask 255.255.255.0</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">{</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"> range
dynamic-bootp 192.168.10.10</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">192.168.10.20;</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"> option
broadcast-address</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">192.168.10.255;</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"> option
routers 192.168.10.1;</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">}</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #993300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Step 9. NAT configuration with IP Tables</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">First of all you have to flush and delete
existing firewall rules. So flush rules by typing in terminal:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># iptables -F</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># iptables -t nat
-F</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># iptables -t
mangle -F</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Now delete these chains:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># iptables -X</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># iptables -t nat
-X</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># iptables -t
mangle -X</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Set up IP FORWARDing and Masquerading<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># iptables -t nat
-A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># iptables -A
FORWARD -i eth1 -j ACCEPT</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Enables packet forwarding by kernel (save this
setting in /etc/sysctl.conf file)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># echo 1 >
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">and edit to make the change permanent<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># vi
/etc/sysctl.conf</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">net.ipv4.ip_forward=1</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Apply the configuration<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># service iptables
save</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># service iptables
restart</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Check if iptables is set to
start during boot up<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># chkconfig --list
iptables</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #993300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Step 10. Testing</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ping the Gateway of the network
from client system:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># ping 192.168.10.1</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Try it on your client systems:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"># ping google.com</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Configuring PCs on the network (Clients)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">All PC’s on the private office network should
set their “gateway” to be the local private network IP address of the Linux
gateway computer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The DNS should be set to that of the ISP on
the internet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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If you’re trying to set up a home network, you probably want to set up a permiter facing computer connected to your DSL/Cable modem, and then put all of your computers behind that firewall box to keep them safe. This <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD10" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;">tutorial</span>will show you how to use a single external connection on the gateway computer (using Iptables firewall), and a second internal connection on the same box so you can connect the <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD1" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;">computers on the</span> inside of your home/office to it, and automatically give them IP’s when you hook them up (using DHCP server). Iptables can be very complicated, we will only configure a basic firewall, you can add more security later without breaking things. In Linux there are many ways to do this, this one is hopefully simple enough and will teach you the basics. I did this on a CentOS 6 box, though it would work on Debian variants with only slight modifications. During this tutorial I’m logged in as root, which you should generally NOT do, but it makes the tutorial simpler, but if you prefer to do it more securely, add “sudo” before each <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD5" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;">command</span> and it will work.<span id="more-452" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
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The computers on the inside of your office will also be able to talk to each other, so you can hook up printers, computers and share network connections through the switch as well. You can also set up things on your Gateway server box later like a network <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD6" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;">backup drive</span> for all your computers using Samba relatively simply. There’s a lot of expandability in this setup, but we’ll keep it simple for now.</div>
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The first thing to do on your Gateway server is configure and enable Iptables, the default firewall that comes with CentOS. We will tell it to allow outbound traffic from your eth1 interface to the internet. You have to add an Iptables entry, save it and restart Iptables.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: #993300; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Step 1. Add 2 <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD4" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;">Network cards</span> to the Linux box</strong></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: #993300; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Step 2. Verify the Network cards, check if they <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD8" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;">installed</span> properly or not</strong></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: #993300; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Step 3. Configure eth0 for Internet with a Public (External network or Internet)</strong></span></div>
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<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</code></div>
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<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">DEVICE</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">eth</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">0</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">BOOTPROTO</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">static</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">HWADDR</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">00</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">:</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">0</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">c</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">:</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">29</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">:</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">d</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">2</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">:</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">c</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">2</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">:</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">75</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">IPADDR</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">192.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">68.1</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">.</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">10</code></div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">BROADCAST</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">192.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">68.1</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">.</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">255</code></div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">NETMASK</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">255.2</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">55.2</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">55.0</code></div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">NETWORK</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">192.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">68.1</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">.</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">0</code></div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">GATEWAY</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">192.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">68.1</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">.</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">1</code></div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">DNS</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">1</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">8.8</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">.</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">8.8</code></div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">DNS</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">2</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">8.8</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">.</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">4.4</code></div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">ONBOOT</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color3" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: red !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">yes</code></div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">TYPE</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">Ethernet</code></div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">USERCTL</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color3" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: red !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">no</code></div>
<div class="line number14 index13 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">IPV</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">6</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">INIT</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color3" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: red !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">no</code></div>
<div class="line number15 index14 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">PEERDNS</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color3" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: red !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">yes</code></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #993300; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Step 4. Configure eth1 for LAN with a Private IP (Internal private network)</span></strong></div>
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<div class="syntaxhighlighter nogutter applescript" id="highlighter_75430" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1em !important; margin: 1em 0px !important; overflow-x: auto !important; overflow-y: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 615px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1</code></div>
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<div class="syntaxhighlighter nogutter applescript" id="highlighter_816669" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1em !important; margin: 1em 0px !important; overflow-x: auto !important; overflow-y: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 615px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">DEVICE</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">eth</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">1</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">BOOTPROTO</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">static</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">HWADDR</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">00</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">:</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">0</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">c</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">:</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">29</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">:</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">d</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">2</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">:</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">c</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">2</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">:</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">7</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">f</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">IPADDR</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">192.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">68.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">0.1</code></div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">BROADCAST</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">192.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">68.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">0.2</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">55</code></div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">NETMASK</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">255.2</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">55.2</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">55.0</code></div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">NETWORK</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">192.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">68.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">0.0</code></div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">GATEWAY</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">192.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">68.1</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">.</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">10</code> <code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># Enter Ip of eth0 </code></div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">ONBOOT</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color3" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: red !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">yes</code></div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">TYPE</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">Ethernet</code></div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">USERCTL</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color3" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: red !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">no</code></div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">IPV</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">6</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">INIT</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color3" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: red !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">no</code></div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">PEERDNS</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color3" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: red !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">yes</code></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; color: red; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">If you get error can’t bringing up interface eth1, and type:</strong></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="syntaxhighlighter nogutter applescript" id="highlighter_784235" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1em !important; margin: 1em 0px !important; overflow-x: auto !important; overflow-y: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 615px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># service NetworkManager stop</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># chkconfig NetworkManager off</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># service network start</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># chkconfig network on</code></div>
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</tbody></table>
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<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; color: #993300; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Step 5. Host Configuration (Optional)</strong></span></div>
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<div class="syntaxhighlighter nogutter applescript" id="highlighter_932591" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1em !important; margin: 1em 0px !important; overflow-x: auto !important; overflow-y: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 615px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># vi /etc/hosts</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
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<div class="line number3 index2 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">127.0</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">.</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">0.1</code> <code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">nat localhost.localdomain localhost</code></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: #993300; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Step 6. Gateway Configuration</strong></span></div>
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<div class="syntaxhighlighter nogutter applescript" id="highlighter_579322" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1em !important; margin: 1em 0px !important; overflow-x: auto !important; overflow-y: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 615px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># vi /etc/sysconfig/network</code></div>
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<div class="syntaxhighlighter nogutter applescript" id="highlighter_749952" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1em !important; margin: 1em 0px !important; overflow-x: auto !important; overflow-y: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 615px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">NETWORKING</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color3" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: red !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">yes</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">HOSTNAME</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">nat</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">GATEWAY</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">192.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">68.1</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">.</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">1</code> <code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># Internet Gateway, provided by the ISP</code></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: #993300; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Step 7. DNS Configuration</strong></span></div>
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<div class="syntaxhighlighter nogutter applescript" id="highlighter_947708" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1em !important; margin: 1em 0px !important; overflow-x: auto !important; overflow-y: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 615px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># vi /etc/resolv.conf</code></div>
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<div class="syntaxhighlighter nogutter applescript" id="highlighter_441868" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1em !important; margin: 1em 0px !important; overflow-x: auto !important; overflow-y: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 615px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">nameserver </code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">8.8</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">.</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">8.8</code> <code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># Primary DNS Server provided by the ISP</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">nameserver </code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">8.8</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">.</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">4.4</code> <code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># Secondary DNS Server provided by the ISP</code></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: #993300; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Step 8. Configure DHCP server to give out the IP’s to the computers on the inside of the LAN</strong></span></div>
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We do that by installing the DHCP server like this:</div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># yum install dhcp</code></div>
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<u><b><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;">Configure a DHCP Server:</span></b></u></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># vi /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf</code></div>
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<div class="syntaxhighlighter nogutter applescript" id="highlighter_160260" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1em !important; margin: 1em 0px !important; overflow-x: auto !important; overflow-y: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 615px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">option <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD11" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;">domain</span></code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">-</code><code class="applescript color3" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: red !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">name</code> <code class="applescript string" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: blue !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">"vjetnamnet.com"</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">;</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">option domain</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">-</code><code class="applescript color3" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: red !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">name</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">-</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">servers </code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">8.8</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">.</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">8.8</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">,</code> <code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">8.8</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">.</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">4.4</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">;</code></div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">default</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">-</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">lease</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">-</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">time </code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">600</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">;</code></div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">max</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">-</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">lease</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">-</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">time </code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">7200</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">;</code></div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">ddns</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">-</code><code class="applescript color3" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: red !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">update</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">-</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">style none;</code></div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">authoritative;</code></div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">subnet </code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">192.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">68.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">0.0</code> <code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">netmask </code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">255.2</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">55.2</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">55.0</code> <code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">{</code></div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript spaces" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> </code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">range dynamic</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">-</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">bootp </code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">192.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">68.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">0.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">0</code> <code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">192.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">68.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">0.2</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">0</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">;</code></div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript spaces" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> </code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">option broadcast</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">-</code><code class="applescript color3" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: red !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">address</code> <code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">192.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">68.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">0.2</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">55</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">;</code></div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript spaces" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> </code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">option routers </code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">192.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">68.1</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">0.1</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">;</code></div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">}</code></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #993300; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Step 9. NAT configuration with IP Tables</span></strong></div>
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First of all you have to flush and delete existing firewall rules. So flush rules by typing in terminal:</div>
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<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># iptables -F</code></div>
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<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># iptables -t nat -F</code></div>
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<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># iptables -t mangle -F</code></div>
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Now delete these <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD9" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;">chains</span>:</div>
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># iptables -X</code></div>
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<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># iptables -t nat -X</code></div>
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<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># iptables -t mangle -X</code></div>
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Set up IP FORWARDing and Masquerading</div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
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<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE</code></div>
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<div class="line number3 index2 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># iptables -A FORWARD -i eth1 -j ACCEPT</code></div>
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Enables packet forwarding by kernel (save this setting in /etc/sysctl.conf file)</div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward</code></div>
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and edit to make the change permanent</div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># vi /etc/sysctl.conf</code></div>
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<div class="line number3 index2 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">net.ipv</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">4.</code><code class="applescript plain" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">ip_forward</code><code class="applescript color2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(255, 20, 147) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">=</code><code class="applescript color1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: gray !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">1</code></div>
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Apply the configuration</div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># service iptables save</code></div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># service iptables restart</code></div>
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Check if iptables is set <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD2" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;">to start</span> during boot up</div>
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<div class="syntaxhighlighter nogutter applescript" id="highlighter_328927" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1em !important; margin: 1em 0px !important; overflow-x: auto !important; overflow-y: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 615px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># chkconfig --list iptables</code></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #993300; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Step 10. Testing</span></strong></div>
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Ping the Gateway of the network from <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD3" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;">client</span> system:</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="syntaxhighlighter nogutter applescript" id="highlighter_178006" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1em !important; margin: 1em 0px !important; overflow-x: auto !important; overflow-y: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 615px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># ping 192.168.10.1</code></div>
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Try it on your client systems:</div>
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<div class="syntaxhighlighter nogutter applescript" id="highlighter_502284" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1em !important; margin: 1em 0px !important; overflow-x: auto !important; overflow-y: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 615px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><tbody style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<tr style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"><td class="code" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: 615px;"><div class="container" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; direction: ltr !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: pre !important; width: auto !important;">
<code class="applescript comments" style="background-image: none !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; color: rgb(0, 130, 0) !important; direction: ltr !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; font-size: 1em !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: auto !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"># ping google.com</code></div>
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Configuring PCs on the network (Clients)</div>
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All PC’s on the private office network should set their “gateway” to be the local private network IP address of the Linux gateway computer.</div>
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The DNS should be set to that of the ISP on the internet.</div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
<div class="nrelate nrelate_related nrelate_default nr_1col nr_text" id="nrelate_related_1" style="-webkit-box-shadow: none; -webkit-transform: none; background-color: white; background-position: 0px 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 5px 1px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-41689094797882892202013-07-13T22:26:00.000+00:002013-07-13T22:26:11.909+00:00A Beginner's Guide To LVM<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">This guide shows how to work with LVM (Logical Volume Management) on Linux. It also describes how to use LVM together with RAID1 in an extra chapter. As LVM is a rather abstract topic, this article comes with a Debian Etch VMware image that you can download and start, and on that Debian Etch system you can run all the commands I execute here and compare your results with mine. Through this practical approach you should get used to LVM very fast.</span></h2>
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However, I do not issue any guarantee that this tutorial will work for you!</div>
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<br /></div>
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<u>
1 Preliminary Note</u></h3>
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This tutorial was inspired by two articles I read:</div>
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<li style="margin: 0.2em 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2006/04/27/managing-disk-space-with-lvm.html" mce_real_href="http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2006/04/27/managing-disk-space-with-lvm.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2006/04/27/managing-disk-space-with-lvm.html</span></a></li>
<li style="margin: 0.2em 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/410" mce_real_href="http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/410" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/410</span></a></li>
</ul>
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These are great articles, but hard to understand if you've never worked with LVM before. That's why I have created <a href="http://downloads.howtoforge.com/files/Debian_Etch_LVM.zip" mce_real_href="http://downloads.howtoforge.com/files/Debian_Etch_LVM.zip" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">this Debian Etch VMware image</a> that you can download and run in VMware Server or VMware Player (see <a href="http://www.howtoforge.com/import_vmware_images" mce_real_href="http://www.howtoforge.com/import_vmware_images" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">http://www.howtoforge.com/import_vmware_images</a> to learn how to do that).</div>
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I installed all tools we need during the course of this guide on the Debian Etch system (by running</div>
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apt-get install lvm2 dmsetup mdadm reiserfsprogs xfsprogs</div>
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) so you don't need to worry about that.</div>
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The Debian Etch system's network is configured through DHCP, so you don't have to worry about conflicting IP addresses. The root password is <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">howtoforge</span>. You can also connect to that system with an SSH client like <a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/" mce_real_href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/%7Esgtatham/putty/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">PuTTY</a>. To find out the IP address of the Debian Etch system, run</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
ifconfig</div>
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The system has six SCSI hard disks, <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sda</span> - <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdf</span>. <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sda</span> is used for the Debian Etch system itself, while we will use <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdb</span> - <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdf</span> for LVM and RAID.<span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdb</span> - <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdf</span> each have 80GB of disk space. In the beginning we will act as if each has only 25GB of disk space (thus using only 25GB on each of them), and in the course of the tutorial we will "replace" our 25GB hard disks with 80GB hard disks, thus demonstrating how you can replace small hard disks with bigger ones in LVM.</div>
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The article <a href="http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2006/04/27/managing-disk-space-with-lvm.html" mce_real_href="http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2006/04/27/managing-disk-space-with-lvm.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2006/04/27/managing-disk-space-with-lvm.html</a> uses hard disks of 250GB and 800GB, but some commands such as<span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">pvmove</span> take a long time with such hard disk sizes, that's why I decided to use hard disks of 25GB and 80GB (that's enough to understand how LVM works).</div>
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<br /></div>
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1.1 Summary</h4>
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Download <a href="http://downloads.howtoforge.com/files/Debian_Etch_LVM.zip" mce_real_href="http://downloads.howtoforge.com/files/Debian_Etch_LVM.zip" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">this Debian Etch VMware image</a> (~310MB) and start it <a href="http://www.howtoforge.com/import_vmware_images" mce_real_href="http://www.howtoforge.com/import_vmware_images" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">like this</a>. Log in as root with the password <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">howtoforge</span>.</div>
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2 LVM Layout</h3>
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Basically LVM looks like this:</div>
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<img src="http://static.howtoforge.com/images/lvm/lvm_scheme_full.png" height="71" mce_real_src="http://static.howtoforge.com/images/lvm/lvm_scheme_full.png" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="550" /></div>
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You have one or more physical volumes (<span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdb1</span> - <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sde1</span> in our example), and on these physical volumes you create one or more volume groups (e.g. <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">fileserver</span>), and in each volume group you can create one or more logical volumes. If you use multiple physical volumes, each logical volume can be bigger than one of the underlying physical volumes (but of course the sum of the logical volumes cannot exceed the total space offered by the physical volumes).</div>
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It is a good practice to not allocate the full space to logical volumes, but leave some space unused. That way you can enlarge one or more logical volumes later on if you feel the need for it.</div>
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In this example we will create a volume group called <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">fileserver</span>, and we will also create the logical volumes <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/fileserver/share</span>, <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/fileserver/backup</span>, and<span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/fileserver/media</span> (which will use only half of the space offered by our physical volumes for now - that way we can switch to RAID1 later on (also described in this tutorial)).</div>
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<u><br /></u></div>
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<u>
3 Our First LVM Setup</u></h3>
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Let's find out about our hard disks:</div>
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fdisk -l</div>
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The output looks like this:</div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic;">server1:~# fdisk -l</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic;">Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes</span></div>
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255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders<br />
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br />
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Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System<br />
/dev/sda1 * 1 18 144553+ 83 Linux<br />
/dev/sda2 19 2450 19535040 83 Linux<br />
/dev/sda4 2451 2610 1285200 82 Linux swap / Solaris<br />
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Disk /dev/sdb: 85.8 GB, 85899345920 bytes<br />
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders<br />
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br />
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Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table<br />
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Disk /dev/sdc: 85.8 GB, 85899345920 bytes<br />
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders<br />
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Disk /dev/sdd: 85.8 GB, 85899345920 bytes<br />
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders<br />
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Disk /dev/sdd doesn't contain a valid partition table<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Disk /dev/sde: 85.8 GB, 85899345920 bytes<br />
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders<br />
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Disk /dev/sde doesn't contain a valid partition table<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Disk /dev/sdf: 85.8 GB, 85899345920 bytes<br />
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders<br />
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Disk /dev/sdf doesn't contain a valid partition table</div>
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There are no partitions yet on <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdb</span> - <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdf</span>. We will create the partitions <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdb1</span>, <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdc1</span>, <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdd1</span>, and <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sde1</span> and leave <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdf</span> untouched for now. We act as if our hard disks had only 25GB of space instead of 80GB for now, therefore we assign 25GB to <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdb1</span>, <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdc1</span>, <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdd1</span>, and <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sde1</span>:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
fdisk /dev/sdb</div>
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<span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">server1:~# fdisk /dev/sdb<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 10443.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />and could in certain setups cause problems with:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Command (m for help):</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- m="" span=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Command action<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> a toggle a bootable flag<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> b edit bsd disklabel<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> c toggle the dos compatibility flag<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> d delete a partition<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> l list known partition types<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> m print this menu<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> n add a new partition<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> o create a new empty DOS partition table<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> p print the partition table<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> q quit without saving changes<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> s create a new empty Sun disklabel<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> t change a partition's system id<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> u change display/entry units<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> v verify the partition table<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> w write table to disk and exit<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> x extra functionality (experts only)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Command (m for help):</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- n="" span=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Command action<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> e extended<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> p primary partition (1-4)</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- p="" span=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Partition number (1-4):</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- 1="" span=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">First cylinder (1-10443, default 1):</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><--><!------></--></span> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Using default value 1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-10443, default 10443):</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- span=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Command (m for help):</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- span="" t=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Selected partition 1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Hex code (type L to list codes):</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- l="" span=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0 Empty 1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 1 FAT12 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 4 FAT16 <32m br="" c6="" enix="" hidden="" nbsp="" sec="" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> 5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 6 FAT16 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 7 HPFS/NTFS 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee EFI GPT<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />14 Hidden FAT16 <3 a9="" br="" etbsd="" f4="" nbsp="" peedstor="" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fd Linux raid auto<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fe LANstep<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid ff BBT<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Hex code (type L to list codes):<!--3--><!--32m--></3></32m></span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- 8e="" span=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Command (m for help):</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- span="" w=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The partition table has been altered!<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Syncing disks.</span><!------></--></span><!------></--></span><!------></--></span><!------></--></span><!------></--></span><!------></--></span><!------></--></span><!------></--></span><!------></--></span></div>
<div style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Now we do the same for the hard disks <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdc</span> - <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sde</span>:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
fdisk /dev/sdc<br />
fdisk /dev/sdd<br />
fdisk /dev/sde</div>
<div style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Then run</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
fdisk -l</div>
<div style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
again. The output should look like this:</div>
<div class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# fdisk -l<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes<br />
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders<br />
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System<br />
/dev/sda1 * 1 18 144553+ 83 Linux<br />
/dev/sda2 19 2450 19535040 83 Linux<br />
/dev/sda4 2451 2610 1285200 82 Linux swap / Solaris<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Disk /dev/sdb: 85.8 GB, 85899345920 bytes<br />
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders<br />
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System<br />
/dev/sdb1 1 3040 24418768+ 8e Linux LVM<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Disk /dev/sdc: 85.8 GB, 85899345920 bytes<br />
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders<br />
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System<br />
/dev/sdc1 1 3040 24418768+ 8e Linux LVM<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Disk /dev/sdd: 85.8 GB, 85899345920 bytes<br />
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders<br />
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System<br />
/dev/sdd1 1 3040 24418768+ 8e Linux LVM<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Disk /dev/sde: 85.8 GB, 85899345920 bytes<br />
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders<br />
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System<br />
/dev/sde1 1 3040 24418768+ 8e Linux LVM<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
Disk /dev/sdf: 85.8 GB, 85899345920 bytes<br />
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders<br />
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br />
<u><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></u>
Disk /dev/sdf doesn't contain a valid partition table</div>
<div style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Now we prepare our new partitions for LVM:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
pvcreate /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1</div>
<div class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# pvcreate /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1<br />
Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created<br />
Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created<br />
Physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully created<br />
Physical volume "/dev/sde1" successfully created</div>
<div style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Let's revert this last action for training purposes:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
pvremove /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1</div>
<div class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# pvremove /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1<br />
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully wiped<br />
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully wiped<br />
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully wiped<br />
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sde1" successfully wiped</div>
<div style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Then run</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
pvcreate /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1</div>
<div style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
again:</div>
<div class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# pvcreate /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1<br />
Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created<br />
Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created<br />
Physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully created<br />
Physical volume "/dev/sde1" successfully created</div>
<div style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Now run</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
pvdisplay</div>
<div style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
to learn about the current state of your physical volumes:</div>
<div class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# pvdisplay<br />
--- NEW Physical volume ---<br />
PV Name /dev/sdb1<br />
VG Name<br />
PV Size 23.29 GB<br />
Allocatable NO<br />
PE Size (KByte) 0<br />
Total PE 0<br />
Free PE 0<br />
Allocated PE 0<br />
PV UUID G8lu2L-Hij1-NVde-sOKc-OoVI-fadg-Jd1vyU<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
--- NEW Physical volume ---<br />
PV Name /dev/sdc1<br />
VG Name<br />
PV Size 23.29 GB<br />
Allocatable NO<br />
PE Size (KByte) 0<br />
Total PE 0<br />
Free PE 0<br />
Allocated PE 0<br />
PV UUID 40GJyh-IbsI-pzhn-TDRq-PQ3l-3ut0-AVSE4B<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
--- NEW Physical volume ---<br />
PV Name /dev/sdd1<br />
VG Name<br />
PV Size 23.29 GB<br />
Allocatable NO<br />
PE Size (KByte) 0<br />
Total PE 0<br />
Free PE 0<br />
Allocated PE 0<br />
PV UUID 4mU63D-4s26-uL00-r0pO-Q0hP-mvQR-2YJN5B<br />
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
--- NEW Physical volume ---<br />
PV Name /dev/sde1<br />
VG Name<br />
PV Size 23.29 GB<br />
Allocatable NO<br />
PE Size (KByte) 0<br />
Total PE 0<br />
Free PE 0<br />
Allocated PE 0<br />
PV UUID 3upcZc-4eS2-h4r4-iBKK-gZJv-AYt3-EKdRK6</div>
<div class="book" style="border: 0px; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="tree" style="border-top-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1em 0px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Now let's create our volume group <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">fileserver</span> and add <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdb1</span> - <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sde1</span> to it:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
vgcreate fileserver /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1</div>
<div class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# vgcreate fileserver /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1<br />
Volume group "fileserver" successfully created</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Let's learn about our volume groups:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
vgdisplay</div>
<div class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# vgdisplay<br />
--- Volume group ---<br />
VG Name fileserver<br />
System ID<br />
Format lvm2<br />
Metadata Areas 4<br />
Metadata Sequence No 1<br />
VG Access read/write<br />
VG Status resizable<br />
MAX LV 0<br />
Cur LV 0<br />
Open LV 0<br />
Max PV 0<br />
Cur PV 4<br />
Act PV 4<br />
VG Size 93.14 GB<br />
PE Size 4.00 MB<br />
Total PE 23844<br />
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0<br />
Free PE / Size 23844 / 93.14 GB<br />
VG UUID 3Y1WVF-BLET-QkKs-Qnrs-SZxI-wrNO-dTqhFP</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Another command to learn about our volume groups:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
vgscan</div>
<div class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# vgscan<br />
Reading all physical volumes. This may take a while...<br />
Found volume group "fileserver" using metadata type lvm2</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
For training purposes let's rename our volumegroup <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">fileserver</span> into <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">data</span>:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
vgrename fileserver data</div>
<div class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# vgrename fileserver data<br />
Volume group "fileserver" successfully renamed to "data"</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Let's run <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">vgdisplay</span> and <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">vgscan</span> again to see if the volume group has been renamed:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
vgdisplay</div>
<div class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# vgdisplay<br />
--- Volume group ---<br />
VG Name data<br />
System ID<br />
Format lvm2<br />
Metadata Areas 4<br />
Metadata Sequence No 2<br />
VG Access read/write<br />
VG Status resizable<br />
MAX LV 0<br />
Cur LV 0<br />
Open LV 0<br />
Max PV 0<br />
Cur PV 4<br />
Act PV 4<br />
VG Size 93.14 GB<br />
PE Size 4.00 MB<br />
Total PE 23844<br />
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0<br />
Free PE / Size 23844 / 93.14 GB<br />
VG UUID 3Y1WVF-BLET-QkKs-Qnrs-SZxI-wrNO-dTqhFP</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
vgscan</div>
<div class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# vgscan<br />
Reading all physical volumes. This may take a while...<br />
Found volume group "data" using metadata type lvm2</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Now let's delete our volume group <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">data</span>:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
vgremove data</div>
<div class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# vgremove data<br />
Volume group "data" successfully removed</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
vgdisplay</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
No output this time:</div>
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server1:~# vgdisplay</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
vgscan</div>
<div class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# vgscan<br />
Reading all physical volumes. This may take a while...</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Let's create our volume group <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">fileserver</span> again:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
vgcreate fileserver /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1</div>
<div class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# vgcreate fileserver /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1<br />
Volume group "fileserver" successfully created</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Next we create our logical volumes <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">share</span> (40GB), <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">backup</span> (5GB), and <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">media</span> (1GB) in the volume group <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">fileserver</span>. Together they use a little less than 50% of the available space (that way we can make use of RAID1 later on):</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
lvcreate --name share --size 40G fileserver</div>
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</div>
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</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="system" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# lvcreate --name share --size 40G fileserver<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Logical volume "share" created</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
lvcreate --name backup --size 5G fileserver</div>
<div class="system" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# lvcreate --name backup --size 5G fileserver<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Logical volume "backup" created</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
lvcreate --name media --size 1G fileserver</div>
<div class="system" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# lvcreate --name media --size 1G fileserver<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Logical volume "media" created</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Let's get an overview of our logical volumes:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
lvdisplay</div>
<div class="system" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# lvdisplay<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> --- Logical volume ---<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Name /dev/fileserver/share<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Name fileserver<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV UUID 280Mup-H9aa-sn0S-AXH3-04cP-V6p9-lfoGgJ<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Write Access read/write<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Status available<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> # open 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Size 40.00 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Current LE 10240<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Segments 2<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Allocation inherit<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Read ahead sectors 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Block device 253:0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> --- Logical volume ---<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Name /dev/fileserver/backup<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Name fileserver<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV UUID zZeuKg-Dazh-aZMC-Aa99-KUSt-J6ET-KRe0cD<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Write Access read/write<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Status available<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> # open 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Size 5.00 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Current LE 1280<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Segments 1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Allocation inherit<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Read ahead sectors 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Block device 253:1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> --- Logical volume ---<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Name /dev/fileserver/media<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Name fileserver<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV UUID usfvrv-BC92-3pFH-2NW0-2N3e-6ERQ-4Sj7YS<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Write Access read/write<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Status available<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> # open 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Size 1.00 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Current LE 256<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Segments 1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Allocation inherit<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Read ahead sectors 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Block device 253:2</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
lvscan</div>
<div class="system" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# lvscan<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> ACTIVE '/dev/fileserver/share' [40.00 GB] inherit<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> ACTIVE '/dev/fileserver/backup' [5.00 GB] inherit<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> ACTIVE '/dev/fileserver/media' [1.00 GB] inherit</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
For training purposes we rename our logical volume <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">media</span> into <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">films</span>:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
lvrename fileserver media films</div>
<div class="system" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# lvrename fileserver media films<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Renamed "media" to "films" in volume group "fileserver"</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
lvdisplay</div>
<div class="system" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# lvdisplay<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> --- Logical volume ---<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Name /dev/fileserver/share<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Name fileserver<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV UUID 280Mup-H9aa-sn0S-AXH3-04cP-V6p9-lfoGgJ<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Write Access read/write<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Status available<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> # open 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Size 40.00 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Current LE 10240<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Segments 2<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Allocation inherit<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Read ahead sectors 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Block device 253:0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> --- Logical volume ---<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Name /dev/fileserver/backup<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Name fileserver<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV UUID zZeuKg-Dazh-aZMC-Aa99-KUSt-J6ET-KRe0cD<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Write Access read/write<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Status available<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> # open 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Size 5.00 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Current LE 1280<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Segments 1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Allocation inherit<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Read ahead sectors 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Block device 253:1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> --- Logical volume ---<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Name /dev/fileserver/films<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Name fileserver<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV UUID usfvrv-BC92-3pFH-2NW0-2N3e-6ERQ-4Sj7YS<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Write Access read/write<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Status available<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> # open 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> LV Size 1.00 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Current LE 256<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Segments 1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Allocation inherit<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Read ahead sectors 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Block device 253:2</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
lvscan</div>
<div class="system" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# lvscan<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> ACTIVE '/dev/fileserver/share' [40.00 GB] inherit<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> ACTIVE '/dev/fileserver/backup' [5.00 GB] inherit<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> ACTIVE '/dev/fileserver/films' [1.00 GB] inherit</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Next let's delete the logical volume <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">films</span>:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
lvremove /dev/fileserver/films</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
<span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">server1:~# lvremove /dev/fileserver/films<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Do you really want to remove active logical volume "films"? [y/n]:</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- span="" y=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Logical volume "films" successfully removed</span></--></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
We create the logical volume <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">media</span> again:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
lvcreate --name media --size 1G fileserver</div>
<div class="system" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# lvcreate --name media --size 1G fileserver<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Logical volume "media" created</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Now let's enlarge <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">media</span> from 1GB to 1.5GB:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
lvextend -L1.5G /dev/fileserver/media</div>
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server1:~# lvextend -L1.5G /dev/fileserver/media<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Extending logical volume media to 1.50 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Logical volume media successfully resized</div>
<div class="system" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Let's shrink it to 1GB again:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
lvreduce -L1G /dev/fileserver/media</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
<span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">server1:~# lvreduce -L1G /dev/fileserver/media<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 1.00 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Do you really want to reduce media? [y/n]:</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- span="" y=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Reducing logical volume media to 1.00 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Logical volume media successfully resized</span></--></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Until now we have three logical volumes, but we don't have any filesystems in them, and without a filesystem we can't save anything in them. Therefore we create an ext3 filesystem in <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">share</span>, an xfs filesystem in <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">backup</span>, and a reiserfs filesystem in<span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">media</span>:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
mkfs.ext3 /dev/fileserver/share</div>
<div class="system" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# mkfs.ext3 /dev/fileserver/share<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />mke2fs 1.40-WIP (14-Nov-2006)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Filesystem label=<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />OS type: Linux<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Block size=4096 (log=2)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Fragment size=4096 (log=2)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />5242880 inodes, 10485760 blocks<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />524288 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />First data block=0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Maximum filesystem blocks=0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />320 block groups<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />16384 inodes per group<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Superblock backups stored on blocks:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 4096000, 7962624<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Writing inode tables: done<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Creating journal (32768 blocks): done<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />This filesystem will be automatically checked every 23 mounts or<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
mkfs.xfs /dev/fileserver/backup</div>
<div class="system" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# mkfs.xfs /dev/fileserver/backup<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />meta-data=/dev/fileserver/backup isize=256 agcount=8, agsize=163840 blks<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> = sectsz=512 attr=0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />data = bsize=4096 blocks=1310720, imaxpct=25<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> = sunit=0 swidth=0 blks, unwritten=1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />naming =version 2 bsize=4096<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> = sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />realtime =none extsz=65536 blocks=0, rtextents=0</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
mkfs.reiserfs /dev/fileserver/media</div>
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server1:~# mkfs.reiserfs /dev/fileserver/media<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />mkfs.reiserfs 3.6.19 (2003 www.namesys.com)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />A pair of credits:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Alexander Lyamin keeps our hardware running, and was very generous to our<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />project in many little ways.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Chris Mason wrote the journaling code for V3, which was enormously more useful<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />to users than just waiting until we could create a wandering log filesystem as<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Hans would have unwisely done without him.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Jeff Mahoney optimized the bitmap scanning code for V3, and performed the big<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />endian cleanups.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Guessing about desired format.. Kernel 2.6.17-2-486 is running.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Format 3.6 with standard journal<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Count of blocks on the device: 262144<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Number of blocks consumed by mkreiserfs formatting process: 8219<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Blocksize: 4096<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Hash function used to sort names: "r5"<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Journal Size 8193 blocks (first block 18)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Journal Max transaction length 1024<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />inode generation number: 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />UUID: 2bebf750-6e05-47b2-99b6-916fa7ea5398<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />ATTENTION: YOU SHOULD REBOOT AFTER FDISK!<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> ALL DATA WILL BE LOST ON '/dev/fileserver/media'!<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Continue (y/n):y<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Initializing journal - 0%....20%....40%....60%....80%....100%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Syncing..ok<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Tell your friends to use a kernel based on 2.4.18 or later, and especially not a<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />kernel based on 2.4.9, when you use reiserFS. Have fun.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />ReiserFS is successfully created on /dev/fileserver/media.</div>
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Now we are ready to mount our logical volumes. I want to mount <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">share</span> in <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/var/share</span>, <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">backup</span> in <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/var/backup</span>, and <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">media</span> in <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/var/media</span>, therefore we must create these directories first:</div>
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mkdir /var/media /var/backup /var/share</div>
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Now we can mount our logical volumes:</div>
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mount /dev/fileserver/share /var/share<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />mount /dev/fileserver/backup /var/backup<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />mount /dev/fileserver/media /var/media</div>
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Now run</div>
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df -h</div>
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You should see your logical volumes in the output:</div>
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server1:~# df -h<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/sda2 19G 665M 17G 4% /<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />tmpfs 78M 0 78M 0% /lib/init/rw<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />udev 10M 88K 10M 1% /dev<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />tmpfs 78M 0 78M 0% /dev/shm<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/sda1 137M 17M 114M 13% /boot<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/mapper/fileserver-share<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 40G 177M 38G 1% /var/share<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/mapper/fileserver-backup<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 5.0G 144K 5.0G 1% /var/backup<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/mapper/fileserver-media<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 1.0G 33M 992M 4% /var/media</div>
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Congratulations, you've just set up your first LVM system! You can now write to and read from <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/var/share</span>, <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/var/backup</span>, and <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/var/media</span> as usual.</div>
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We have mounted our logical volumes manually, but of course we'd like to have them mounted automatically when the system boots. Therefore we modify <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/etc/fstab</span>:</div>
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mv /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_orig<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />cat /dev/null > /etc/fstab</div>
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vi /etc/fstab</div>
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Put the following into it:</div>
<table align="center" bgcolor="#cccccc" border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; width: 90%px;"><tbody style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="" style="font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><pre style="background-color: #efefef; border: 1px inset; font-size: 16px; height: 250px; overflow: auto; padding: 6px; width: 500px;"># /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# <file system=""> <mount point=""> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/sda2 / ext3 defaults,errors=remount-ro 0 1
/dev/sda1 /boot ext3 defaults 0 2
/dev/hdc /media/cdrom0 udf,iso9660 user,noauto 0 0
/dev/fd0 /media/floppy0 auto rw,user,noauto 0 0
/dev/fileserver/share /var/share ext3 rw,noatime 0 0
/dev/fileserver/backup /var/backup xfs rw,noatime 0 0
/dev/fileserver/media /var/media reiserfs rw,noatime 0 0</pass></dump></options></type></mount></file></pre>
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</tbody></table>
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If you compare it to our backup of the original file, <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/etc/fstab_orig</span>, you will notice that we added the lines:</div>
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/dev/fileserver/share /var/share ext3 rw,noatime 0 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/fileserver/backup /var/backup xfs rw,noatime 0 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/fileserver/media /var/media reiserfs rw,noatime 0 0</div>
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Now we reboot the system:</div>
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shutdown -r now</div>
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After the system has come up again, run</div>
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df -h</div>
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again. It should still show our logical volumes in the output:</div>
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server1:~# df -h<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/sda2 19G 665M 17G 4% /<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />tmpfs 78M 0 78M 0% /lib/init/rw<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />udev 10M 88K 10M 1% /dev<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />tmpfs 78M 0 78M 0% /dev/shm<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/sda1 137M 17M 114M 13% /boot<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/mapper/fileserver-share<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 40G 177M 38G 1% /var/share<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/mapper/fileserver-backup<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 5.0G 144K 5.0G 1% /var/backup<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/mapper/fileserver-media<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 1.0G 33M 992M 4% /var/media</div>
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<br /></div>
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In this chapter we will learn how to resize our logical volume <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">share</span> which has an ext3 filesystem. (I will show how to resize logical volumes with xfs and reiserfs filesystems further down this tutorial.)</div>
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First we must unmount it:</div>
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umount /var/share</div>
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<span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">share</span> should not be listed anymore in the</div>
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df -h</div>
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output:</div>
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server1:~# df -h<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/sda2 19G 665M 17G 4% /<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />tmpfs 78M 0 78M 0% /lib/init/rw<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />udev 10M 88K 10M 1% /dev<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />tmpfs 78M 0 78M 0% /dev/shm<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/sda1 137M 17M 114M 13% /boot<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/mapper/fileserver-backup<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 5.0G 144K 5.0G 1% /var/backup<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/mapper/fileserver-media<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 1.0G 33M 992M 4% /var/media</div>
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Now let's enlarge <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">share</span> from 40GB to 50GB:</div>
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lvextend -L50G /dev/fileserver/share</div>
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server1:~# lvextend -L50G /dev/fileserver/share<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Extending logical volume share to 50.00 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Logical volume share successfully resized</div>
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Until now we have enlarged only <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">share</span>, but not the ext3 filesystem on <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">share</span>. This is what we do now:</div>
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e2fsck -f /dev/fileserver/share</div>
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server1:~# e2fsck -f /dev/fileserver/share<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />e2fsck 1.40-WIP (14-Nov-2006)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Pass 2: Checking directory structure<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Pass 4: Checking reference counts<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Pass 5: Checking group summary information<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/fileserver/share: 11/5242880 files (9.1% non-contiguous), 209588/10485760 blocks</div>
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Make a note of the total amount of blocks (<span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">10485760</span>) because we need it when we shrink <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">share</span> later on.</div>
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resize2fs /dev/fileserver/share</div>
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server1:~# resize2fs /dev/fileserver/share<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />resize2fs 1.40-WIP (14-Nov-2006)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Resizing the filesystem on /dev/fileserver/share to 13107200 (4k) blocks.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />The filesystem on /dev/fileserver/share is now 13107200 blocks long.</div>
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Let's mount <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">share</span>:</div>
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mount /dev/fileserver/share /var/share</div>
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and in the</div>
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df -h</div>
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output share should now have 50GB instead of 40:</div>
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server1:~# df -h<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/sda2 19G 665M 17G 4% /<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />tmpfs 78M 0 78M 0% /lib/init/rw<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />udev 10M 88K 10M 1% /dev<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />tmpfs 78M 0 78M 0% /dev/shm<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/sda1 137M 17M 114M 13% /boot<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/mapper/fileserver-backup<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 5.0G 144K 5.0G 1% /var/backup<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/mapper/fileserver-media<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 1.0G 33M 992M 4% /var/media<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/mapper/fileserver-share<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 50G 180M 47G 1% /var/share</div>
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Shrinking a logical volume is the other way round: first we must shrink the filesystem before we reduce the logical volume's size. Let's shrink share to 40GB again:</div>
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umount /var/share</div>
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df -h</div>
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server1:~# df -h<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/sda2 19G 665M 17G 4% /<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />tmpfs 78M 0 78M 0% /lib/init/rw<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />udev 10M 88K 10M 1% /dev<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />tmpfs 78M 0 78M 0% /dev/shm<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/sda1 137M 17M 114M 13% /boot<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/mapper/fileserver-backup<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 5.0G 144K 5.0G 1% /var/backup<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/mapper/fileserver-media<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 1.0G 33M 992M 4% /var/media</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
e2fsck -f /dev/fileserver/share</div>
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server1:~# e2fsck -f /dev/fileserver/share<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />e2fsck 1.40-WIP (14-Nov-2006)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Pass 2: Checking directory structure<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Pass 4: Checking reference counts<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Pass 5: Checking group summary information<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/fileserver/share: 11/6553600 files (9.1% non-contiguous), 251733/13107200 blocks</div>
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When resizing an ext3 filesystem to a certain size (instead of all available space), <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">resize2fs</span> takes the number of blocks as argument (you can as well specify the new size in MB, etc. See</div>
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man resize2fs</div>
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for more details). From our previous operation we know the 40GB equals <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">10485760</span> blocks so we run</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
resize2fs /dev/fileserver/share 10485760</div>
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server1:~# resize2fs /dev/fileserver/share 10485760<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />resize2fs 1.40-WIP (14-Nov-2006)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Resizing the filesystem on /dev/fileserver/share to 10485760 (4k) blocks.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />The filesystem on /dev/fileserver/share is now 10485760 blocks long.</div>
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We've shrinked the filesystem, now we must shrink the logical volume, too:</div>
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lvreduce -L40G /dev/fileserver/share</div>
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<span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">server1:~# lvreduce -L40G /dev/fileserver/share<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 40.00 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Do you really want to reduce share? [y/n]:</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- span="" y=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Reducing logical volume share to 40.00 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Logical volume share successfully resized</span></--></span></div>
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We can ignore the warning that data might be destroyed because we have shrinked the filesystem before.</div>
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Let's mount <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">share</span> again:</div>
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mount /dev/fileserver/share /var/share</div>
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The output of</div>
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df -h</div>
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should now look like this:</div>
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server1:~# df -h<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/sda2 19G 665M 17G 4% /<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />tmpfs 78M 0 78M 0% /lib/init/rw<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />udev 10M 88K 10M 1% /dev<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />tmpfs 78M 0 78M 0% /dev/shm<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/sda1 137M 17M 114M 13% /boot<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/mapper/fileserver-backup<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 5.0G 144K 5.0G 1% /var/backup<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/mapper/fileserver-media<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 1.0G 33M 992M 4% /var/media<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />/dev/mapper/fileserver-share<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> 40G 177M 38G 1% /var/share</div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 1em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.2em;">
5 Adding A Hard Drive And Removing Another One</h3>
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We haven't used <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdf</span> until now. We will now create the partition <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdf1</span> (25GB) and add that to our <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">fileserver</span>volume group.</div>
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fdisk /dev/sdf</div>
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<span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">server1:~# fdisk /dev/sdf<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />content won't be recoverable.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 10443.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />and could in certain setups cause problems with:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Command (m for help):</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- m="" span=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Command action<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> a toggle a bootable flag<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> b edit bsd disklabel<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> c toggle the dos compatibility flag<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> d delete a partition<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> l list known partition types<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> m print this menu<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> n add a new partition<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> o create a new empty DOS partition table<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> p print the partition table<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> q quit without saving changes<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> s create a new empty Sun disklabel<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> t change a partition's system id<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> u change display/entry units<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> v verify the partition table<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> w write table to disk and exit<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> x extra functionality (experts only)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Command (m for help):</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- n="" span=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Command action<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> e extended<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> p primary partition (1-4)</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- p="" span=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Partition number (1-4):</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- 1="" span=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">First cylinder (1-10443, default 1):<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Using default value 1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-10443, default 10443):</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- span=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Command (m for help):</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- span="" t=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Selected partition 1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Hex code (type L to list codes):</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- 8e="" span=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Command (m for help):</span> <span class="highlight" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><-- span="" w=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The partition table has been altered!<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Syncing disks.</span></--></span></--></span></--></span></--></span></--></span></--></span></--></span></--></span></div>
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Let's prepare <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdf1</span> for LVM:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
pvcreate /dev/sdf1</div>
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server1:~# pvcreate /dev/sdf1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Physical volume "/dev/sdf1" successfully created</div>
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Add <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdf1</span> to our <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">fileserver</span> volume group:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
vgextend fileserver /dev/sdf1</div>
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Run</div>
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vgdisplay</div>
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<span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">VG Size</span> should now be bigger than before:</div>
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server1:~# vgdisplay<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> --- Volume group ---<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Name fileserver<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> System ID<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Format lvm2<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Metadata Areas 5<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Metadata Sequence No 12<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Access read/write<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Status resizable<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> MAX LV 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Cur LV 3<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Open LV 3<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Max PV 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Cur PV 5<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Act PV 5<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Size 116.43 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PE Size 4.00 MB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Total PE 29805<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Alloc PE / Size 11776 / 46.00 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Free PE / Size 18029 / 70.43 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG UUID iWr1Vk-7h7J-hLRL-SHbx-3p87-Rq47-L1GyEO</div>
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That's it. <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdf1</span> has been added to the fileserver volume group.</div>
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Now let's remove <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdb1</span>. Before we do this, we must copy all data on it to <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdf1</span>:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
pvmove /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdf1</div>
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This can take some minutes:</div>
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server1:~# pvmove /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdf1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 1.9%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 3.8%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 5.8%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 7.8%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 9.7%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 11.6%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 13.6%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 15.6%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 17.5%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 19.4%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 21.4%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> [...]<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 85.7%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 87.7%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 89.7%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 91.7%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 93.6%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 95.5%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 97.5%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 99.4%<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> /dev/sdb1: Moved: 100.0%</div>
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Next we remove <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdb1</span> from the <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">fileserver</span> volume group:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
vgreduce fileserver /dev/sdb1</div>
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server1:~# vgreduce fileserver /dev/sdb1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Removed "/dev/sdb1" from volume group "fileserver"</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
vgdisplay</div>
<div class="system" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# vgdisplay<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> --- Volume group ---<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Name fileserver<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> System ID<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Format lvm2<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Metadata Areas 4<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Metadata Sequence No 16<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Access read/write<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Status resizable<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> MAX LV 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Cur LV 3<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Open LV 3<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Max PV 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Cur PV 4<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Act PV 4<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Size 93.14 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PE Size 4.00 MB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Total PE 23844<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Alloc PE / Size 11776 / 46.00 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Free PE / Size 12068 / 47.14 GB<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG UUID iWr1Vk-7h7J-hLRL-SHbx-3p87-Rq47-L1GyEO</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
Then we run</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
pvremove /dev/sdb1</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
<span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdb1</span> shouldn't be listed as a physical volume anymore:</div>
<div class="command" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 1em;">
pvdisplay</div>
<div class="system" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
server1:~# pvdisplay<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> --- Physical volume ---<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PV Name /dev/sdc1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Name fileserver<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PV Size 23.29 GB / not usable 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Allocatable yes<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PE Size (KByte) 4096<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Total PE 5961<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Free PE 1682<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Allocated PE 4279<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PV UUID 40GJyh-IbsI-pzhn-TDRq-PQ3l-3ut0-AVSE4B<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> --- Physical volume ---<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PV Name /dev/sdd1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Name fileserver<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PV Size 23.29 GB / not usable 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Allocatable yes<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PE Size (KByte) 4096<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Total PE 5961<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Free PE 4681<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Allocated PE 1280<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PV UUID 4mU63D-4s26-uL00-r0pO-Q0hP-mvQR-2YJN5B<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> --- Physical volume ---<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PV Name /dev/sde1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Name fileserver<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PV Size 23.29 GB / not usable 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Allocatable yes<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PE Size (KByte) 4096<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Total PE 5961<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Free PE 5705<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Allocated PE 256<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PV UUID 3upcZc-4eS2-h4r4-iBKK-gZJv-AYt3-EKdRK6<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> --- Physical volume ---<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PV Name /dev/sdf1<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> VG Name fileserver<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PV Size 23.29 GB / not usable 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Allocatable yes (but full)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PE Size (KByte) 4096<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Total PE 5961<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Free PE 0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Allocated PE 5961<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> PV UUID 1xgo2I-SBjj-0MAz-lmDu-OLZ1-3NdO-mLkS20</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px;">
You could now remove <span class="system" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/dev/sdb</span> from the system (if this was a real system and not a virtual machine).</div>
<div class="book" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="nav" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 1em 0px 3em;">
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منقول للستفدة شكرا ,,</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-14785512557617989342013-07-08T10:25:00.001+00:002013-07-08T10:25:38.789+00:00Routed AP(openWrt)<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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12<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg157bYvG5_1iirWUzuOIBh_9ERIXeLrXfnY9L1kYvuOfJmlTZ0kWIjU3WWzW3EI33N85aG39aHLtzWFl2tqdf5TSRZljwBpF3n4V5cjkqsUy9GclbKdwsCzmemsRGplqQL5rmh_6TO3CZm/s1600/openwrt-prompt.png" height="151" style="text-align: center;" width="600" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Configuration</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The changes below assume an OpenWrt default configuration, the
relevant files are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: blue;">/etc/config/network</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: blue;">/etc/config/wireless</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: blue;">/etc/config/dhcp</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: blue;">/etc/config/firewall</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8401614260801307248" name="step.1define.a.new.network"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Step 1: Define a new network</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Edit </span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">/etc/config/network</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> and define a new </span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">interface</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> section:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" dir="ltr">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 522px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 55.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: #D9D9D9; border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; height: 55.45pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">config 'interface' <b>'wifi'</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option
'proto' 'static'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option
'ipaddr' '192.168.2.1'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option
'netmask' '255.255.255.0' </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Note that no </span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">ifname</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> option is set
here, it is not required since the wireless network will reference this section
later.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tbody>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe"
filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="http://wiki.openwrt.org/_media/meta/48px-dialog-warning.svg.png"
style='width:36pt;height:36pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\madkour\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title="48px-dialog-warning.svg"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://wiki.openwrt.org/_media/meta/48px-dialog-warning.svg.png" border="0" height="48" src="file:///C:\Users\madkour\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="48" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Make sure that the chosen IP address is in a different
subnet than the one used by the </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> interface.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8401614260801307248" name="step.2change.the.existing.wireless.netwo"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Step 2: Change the existing wireless network</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">In </span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">/etc/config/wireless</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">, locate the existing </span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">wifi-iface</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> section and change its network option to
point to the newly created interface section.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" dir="ltr">
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #D9D9D9; border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">config
'wifi-iface'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option 'device' 'wl0'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>option 'network' 'wifi'</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option
'mode' 'ap'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option
'ssid' 'OpenWrt'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>option
'encryption' 'none' </b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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</tbody></table>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">In the existing section, </span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">network</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> was changed to
point to the </span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">wifi</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> interface defined in the previous step.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Optionally change the last line for </span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">option encryption 'psk2</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">' and add the line </span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">option
key 'secret key</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">' to enable WPA encryption<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8401614260801307248" name="step.3define.a.new.dhcp.pool.optional"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Step 3: Define a new DHCP pool (Optional)</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Since wireless is not bridged to LAN anymore, no DHCP leases
are served to wireless clients yet. In order to support DHCP on
wireless as well, a new </span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">dhcp</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> pool must be defined in </span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">/etc/config/dhcp</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #D9D9D9; border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">config 'dhcp' <b>'wifi'</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option
'interface' <b>'wifi'</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option
'start' '100'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option
'limit' '150'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option
'leasetime' '12h' </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8401614260801307248" name="step.4adjust.firewall.settings"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Step 4: Adjust firewall settings</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">By default, traffic originating from the
wireless network is not allowed to reach the WAN or the LAN
interface. There is also no firewall zone defined for it yet, so only the
default policies apply to the wireless network.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Edit </span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">/etc/config/firewall</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> and add new </span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">zone</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> section covering the </span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">wifi</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> interface:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" dir="ltr">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #D9D9D9; border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">config
'zone'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option
'name' <b>'wifi'</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option
'input' 'ACCEPT'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option
'output' 'ACCEPT'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option
'forward' 'REJECT' </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Now that the zone is defined, traffic forwarding
control for the wireless network can be implemented. To allow wireless clients
to use the WAN interface, add the following </span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">forwarding</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> section:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" dir="ltr">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #D9D9D9; border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">config
'forwarding'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option
'src' <b>'wifi'</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option
'dest' 'wan' </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">If LAN clients should be able to contact wireless clients, add the
following forwarding:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" dir="ltr">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #D9D9D9; border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">config
'forwarding'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option 'src' 'lan'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option
'dest' <b>'wifi'</b> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">To allow wireless clients to reach the LAN network, add the
reversed rule below as well:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" dir="ltr">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #D9D9D9; border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">config
'forwarding'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option 'src' <b>'wifi'</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> option
'dest' 'lan' </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8401614260801307248" name="apply.changes"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Apply changes</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 16.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 24pt; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Enable the new wireless network<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #D9D9D9; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; margin-left: 6.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 16.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 18pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">ifup wifi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div style="background: #D9D9D9; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">wifi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 16.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 24pt; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Restart the firewall<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #D9D9D9; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">/etc/init.d/firewall restart<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 16.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 24pt; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Restart the DHCP service<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #D9D9D9; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10.5pt;">/etc/init.d/dnsmasq restart<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-37829174643241228722013-07-04T19:48:00.003+01:002013-07-04T19:48:53.345+01:00سحب وتنزيل موقع باستخدام الأمر wget<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikYzNnQq8aLaRoC1r212KW3rMLRFN4YM4aFd-64JuvEdKVO41mLLKi6ISfb8lOprrZROuw919Sf6OJ7USPpRMuGygS7Yix7ZgbjOBijJdAN3bGrEgrlFXii6p2120nLQM_x7PGhoYOo0tg/s425/Linux-Wget-Commands.png" height="207" width="320" /></div>
<br /></div>
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<div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Wget هي أداة – أمر – متوفرة على أنظمة GNU/Linux لتنزيل الملفات من على الوب تدعم بروتوكولات HTTP، HTTPS، و FTP. كما أن بإمكانها إيجاد وتنزيل ملفات عبر وسيط (بروكسي) HTTP .</div>
<center>
</center>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: red;">من الميزات المهمة التي تُوفرها هذه الأداة:</span></div>
<ul style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 20px 20px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; list-style-type: circle; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">استكمال التنزيل إذا كان الخادم يدعم ذلك.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; list-style-type: circle; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">مصممة لتتكيف مع الاتصالات الضعيفة وغير الثابتة، ففي حالة فشل التنزيل بسبب مشكلة في الاتصال، فإنها تستمر في إعادة المحاولة حتى اكتمال التنزيل.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; list-style-type: circle; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">تتبع روابط صفحات HTML ، XHTML و CSS لإنشاء نسخة محلية يمكن تصفحها دون الحاجة للاتصال بالشبكة. (أو ما يعرف بالتنزيل التكراري – Recursive Download – حيث لا يقتصر الأمر على تنزيل ملف صفحة ويب فقط بل كل الملفات التي تشير إليها هذه الصفحة، مثل الصور والسكريبتات، من أجل عرضها كما لو كنتَ تتصفح موقع ويب).</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="border: 0px; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 15px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">استعمال الأداة</span></h3>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
ينفذ الأمر wget بالطريقة التالية</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">wget [option] … [URL]…</strong></div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
حيث</div>
<ul style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 20px 20px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; list-style-type: circle; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">option تمثل خيار أو خيارات الأمر.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; list-style-type: circle; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">URL رابط أو روابط التحمبل (يمكن أيضا كما سنرى استبدال رابط التنزيل بملف يحوي مجموعة من الروابط لتنزيل الملفات التي تشير إليها تلك الراوبط).</li>
<li style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; list-style-type: circle; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">عادة الأقواس المعكوفة مستخدمة بكثرة خصوصا في مجتمع لينكس للإشارة إلى أنه ليس ضروريا إعطاء كل الخيارات،</li>
</ul>
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سنتطرق في الفقرات التالية لأهم خيار ات الأمر wget إذ ليس بالإمكان عرضها كلها. لمعرفة المزيد من الخيارات يمكن ذلك عن طريق مطالعة دليل لينكس عبر إدخال الأمر man wget في الطرفية أو عن طريق مطالعة <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/wget.html" style="border: 0px; color: #358bd1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="هذه الصفحة">هذه الصفحة</a> (اللغة الانجليزية هي المستخدمة في كلتا الحالتين).</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">أهم خيارات الأمر wget</span></h3>
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تتوفر الخيارات بنسختين (كمعظم الخيارات في أوامر لينكس)، طويلة وضعتُها بين قوسين (الخيارات الطويلة تكون ميبوقة بشرطتين “–”) و قصيرة. استخدام أي من النسختين ينتج عنه نفس المفعول.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">الخيار r- ( أو recursive–) : تفعيل تتبع الروابط.</strong></span></div>
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عند استخدام هذا الخيار فإن الأمر يتتبع الروابط حتى المستوى المنصوص عليه في الإعدادات الافتراضية (وهو المستوى الخامس) ابتداءً من رابط الصفحة المعطى في الأمر.</div>
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لشرح ما أعنيه بالمستوى، دعوني آخذ المثال التالي:<br />
لو افترضنا أن هذه المدونة تحوي صفحة باسم “أوامر لينكس” يمكن الوصول إليها عبر صفحة باسم “لينكس” يوجد لها رابط على الصفحة “الرئيسية” ، فإن الصفحة “أوامر لينكس” توجد في المستوى الثالث بالنسبة للصفحة الرئيسية “الرئيسية (المستو الأول) >> لينكس (الثاني) >> أوامر لينكس (الثالث)” . يمكن استخدام الخيار l- (أو level– ) لتحديد المستوى الذي يصل إليه التنزيل.</div>
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مثال: الأمر التالي يقوم بتنزيل جميع الملفات الموجودة في هذه المدونة حتى المستوى الثالث (الخيار l3- أو level=3– )</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">wget -r -l3 zeine77.wordpress.com</strong></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">الخيار k- ( أو convert-links– ) : التحويل إلى روابط محلية</strong></span></div>
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من الخيارات المهمة جدا، إذ يقوم بتحويل الروابط المجودة على صفحة وب لروابط محلية تمكن من تصفح الموقع المُحمل مِن على الجهاز لديك دون الحاجة للاتصال بالشبكة. يستخدم الخيار بالشكل التالي</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">wget -k <a href="http://www.exemple.com/" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #358bd1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.exemple.com</a></strong></div>
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حيث <a href="http://www.exemple.com/" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #358bd1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.exemple.com</a> هو عنوان الصفحة المُراد تنزيلها. طبعا يمكننا إضافته للأمر السابق لتنزيل ملفات موقع ما وجعلها قابلة للتصفح محليا.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">wget -k -r -l3 zeine77.wordpress.com</strong></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">الخيار p- ( أو page-requisites–) : تنزيل متعلقات صفحة</strong></span></div>
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يوجه الأمر wget لتنزيل كل الملفات التي تحتاجها صفحة الوب ليتم عرضها دون الحاجة للاتصال بالشبكة.<br />
لنأخذ مثال التدوينة السابقة، حيث توجد صورة توضح إصدارات جافا وكيفية تنزيلها. عند تطبيق الأمر wget على عنوان التدوينة المذكورة دون استخدام الخيار p- فلن يتم تنزيل الصورة مما يعني أنك لن تستطيع رؤيتها على النسخة المحلية. استخدام الخيار p- يمكن من التغلب على هذا الأمر. في حالة تفعيل تتبع الروابط (الخيار r- ) دون استخدام p- فإن الملفات – صور وغيرها – التي تحتاجها صفحات المستوى الأخير (المستوى الثالث في المثال الأول) لن يتم تنزيلها.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">الخيار np- ( أو no-parent– ) : قصر التنزيل على المجلدات الفرعية</strong></span></div>
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يستخدم مع الخيار r- لمنع تنزيل صفحات من مستوى أعلى من مستوى الصفحة المعطاة في العنوان. مثلا بإمكانك استخدام هذا الخيار لتنزيل قسم من موقع دون الاضطرار لتنزيل الموقع بكامله.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">تنزيل موقع بالكامل باستخدام wget</span></h3>
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بدمج الخيارات أعلاه يمكننا تنزيل موقع وتصفحه محليا من على الجهاز كما لو كنت تتصفحه عبر الشبكة عن طريق الأمر التالي:</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">wget -r -k -np -p <a href="http://www.site.com/" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #358bd1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.site.com</a></strong></div>
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r- لتتبع الروابط (التنزيل التكراري – Recursive Download)<br />
k- لتحويل الروابط لروابط محلية<br />
np- للتأكد من تنزيل الصفحات التي نريدها فقط وليس صفحات مستوى أعلى (في حالة موقع به العديد من الأقسام أو المواقع التي تستخدم اسمَ نطاق مشترك كهذه المدونة)<br />
p- لتنزيل الملفات التي تحتاجها صفحات المستوى الأخير.</div>
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حسب رأيي الخيارات أعلاه هي الأساسية لأمر wget . أدناه سأذكر بشكل سريع بعض الخيارات الأخرى التي قد تكون مفيدة.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">خيارات أخرى</span></h3>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">الخيار b- ( أو background –) : التشغيل في الخلفية.</strong></div>
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تشغيل الأمر في الخلفية، بإمكانك مثلا الدخول على النظام باسم مستخدم “محمد”، تشغيل تنزيل موقع في الخلفية عن طريق هذا الخيار، قفل الجلسة (session) ثم الدخول باسم مستخدم ثان “أحمد” دون انقطاع التنزيل الذي شغله المستخدم الأول “محمد”.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">الخيار c- ( أو continue– ) : استكمال التنزيل.</strong></div>
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استكمال تنزيل ملف حتى ولو لم تكن استخدمت wget لبدأ التنزيل (بدأتَ التنزيل عن طريق المتصفح مثلا ثم انقطع التنزيل لسبب أو آخر)</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">الخيار i- (أو input– ) : تنزيل روابط موجودة في ملف .</strong></div>
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يستخدم هكذا <strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">wget -i file</strong> أو <strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">wget –input=file</strong> فيقوم بقراءة روابط المواقع أو الصفحات المُراد تنزيلها من ملف (file هنا تمثل المسار الذي يوجد عليه الملف، في الملف كل سطر يحوي رابطا واحدا ) ثم تنزيلها واحدا تلو الآخر.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-86073178080089566062013-07-04T19:34:00.001+01:002013-07-04T19:34:25.105+01:00اوامر ضغط وفك ضغط الملفات tar&zip<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0cm;">هده اوامر ضغط زفك ضغط الملفات</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #666666; font-family: "GESSTOW_Bold","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0cm;">يمكن عمل تلك الشغلات بدون طرفية
اي من خلال الواجهة الرسومية</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0cm;">لكن من الطرفية يكون اسرع واضبط
+ سوف تحتاجها عند التعامل مع السرفرات او من خلال الشل الخ</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0cm;">أمر الضغط بامتداد </span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #ff6600; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">zip</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span dir="LTR" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: blue; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">qzip failname</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0cm;">امر فك الضغط بامتداد </span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #ff6600; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">zip</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0cm;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span></b><b><span lang="AR-AE" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span dir="LTR" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: blue; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">unzip failname</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><br /></ins></span></span>
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>أمر الضغط بامتداد </ins></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #ff6600; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>tar</ins></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><br /></ins></span></span><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></div>
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span dir="LTR" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #1f497d; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>tar -zcf zz.tar daily</ins></span></span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; mso-themecolor: text2;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>أمر فك
الضغط بامتداد </ins></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #ff6600; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>tar</ins></span></span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><br /></ins></span></span></b><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></div>
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span dir="LTR" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: blue; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>tar -zxf zz.tar</ins></span></span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>أمر ضغط
الملف بامتداد </ins></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #ff6600; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>gz</ins></span></span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><br /></ins></span></span></b></div>
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><br /><div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span dir="LTR" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: blue; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>tar -czvf file name.tar.gz file name.sql</ins></span></span></b></div>
</ins></span></span></b><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>فك
الضغط بامتداد </ins></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #ff6600; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>gz</ins></span></span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><br /></ins></span></span></b><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></div>
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span dir="LTR" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: blue; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>gzip -d file.gz</ins></span></span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>كيفية
ضغط قاعدة البيانات</ins></span></span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span dir="LTR" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: blue; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>tar -czvf file
name.tar.gz file name.sql</ins></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>كيفية
فك قواعد البيانات</ins></span></span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span dir="LTR" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: blue; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>tar -zxvf file name.tar.gz</ins></span></span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: GESSTOW_Bold;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><br /></ins></span></span>
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></div>
<o:p></o:p>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-48012002912455352812013-07-01T08:02:00.000+01:002013-07-01T08:02:22.035+01:00chown&chmod command <div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span style="color: #005cb9; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">About chown<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; margin-left: 30pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Command for system V that changes the owner of
a file.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8401614260801307248" name="02"></a><b><span style="color: #005cb9; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syntax<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">chown [-R] newowner filenames</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" dir="ltr">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: #E5E5E5; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 598px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-R<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 359.95pt;" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Change
the permission on files that are in the subdirectories of the directory that
you are currently in.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">newowner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 359.95pt;" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
alias/username of the new owner of the file.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">filenames<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 359.95pt;" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
file that you are changing the rights to.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8401614260801307248" name="03"></a><b><span style="color: #005cb9; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Examples<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: #F2F2F2; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 242; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 11.0pt 11.0pt 11.0pt 11.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">#chown chope file.txt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Give permissions as owner to user chope for the file file.txt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F2F2F2; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 242; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 11.0pt 11.0pt 11.0pt 11.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">#chown -R chope work<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-indent: -7.1pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Give chown permissions to
chope for all files in the work directory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-indent: -7.1pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><u><span style="color: #005cb9; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">About chmod</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; margin-left: 30pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Changes the permission of a file.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtmGDVPKsTz_n7UVIcYyueQsRA-AiqBj9Hq-gxAlHQnTT-Z4So9kVYinBs0oTAKP94busuVrKS-YdGIR75B1rb1VGuznvMhSTus3l8zqYhR-b9f1q9reRIW_TMWDB8_oh9nf_eVa9j8CI5/s400/chmod-linux-1.png" height="238" width="600" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><u><span style="color: #005cb9; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8401614260801307248" name="02"></a><b><u><span style="color: #005cb9; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syntax<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...<br />
chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE...<br />
chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...</span></i></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: #E5E5E5; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 607px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 148.0pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-c,
--changes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 302.8pt;" valign="top" width="404"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">like
verbose but report only when a change is made<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 148.0pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">--no-preserve-root<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 302.8pt;" valign="top" width="404"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 5.65pt 0.0001pt 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">do not treat `/' specially (the default)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 148.0pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">--preserve-root<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 302.8pt;" valign="top" width="404"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fail
to operate recursively on `/'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 148.0pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-f,
--silent, --quiet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 302.8pt;" valign="top" width="404"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">suppress
most error messages<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 148.0pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-v,
verbose<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 302.8pt;" valign="top" width="404"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">output
a diagnostic for every file processed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 148.0pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">--reference=RFILE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 302.8pt;" valign="top" width="404"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">use
RFILE's mode instead of MODE values<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 148.0pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-R,
--recursive<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 302.8pt;" valign="top" width="404"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">change
files and directories recursively<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 148.0pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">--help<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 302.8pt;" valign="top" width="404"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">display
this help and exit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 148.0pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">--version<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 302.8pt;" valign="top" width="404"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">output
version information and exit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><u><span style="color: #005cb9; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Permissions</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<i>u</i> - User who owns the file.<br />
<i>g</i> - Group that owns the file.<br />
<i>o</i> - Other.<br />
<i>a</i> - All.<br />
<i>r</i> - Read the file.<br />
<i>w</i> - Write or edit the file.<br />
<i>x</i> - Execute or run the file as a program.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><u><span style="color: #005cb9; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Numeric Permissions:</span></u></b><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CHMOD can also to attributed by using Numeric Permissions:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">400 read by owner<br />
040 read by group<br />
004 read by anybody (other)<br />
200 write by owner<br />
020 write by group<br />
002 write by anybody<br />
100 execute by owner<br />
010 execute by group<br />
001 execute by anybody<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8401614260801307248" name="03"></a><b><u><span style="color: #005cb9; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Examples<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The above numeric permissions can be added to set a certain
permission, for example, a common HTML file on a Unix or Linux server
accessible over the Internet would be given the below permissions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F2F2F2; border: solid #005CB9 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 242; mso-border-alt: solid #005CB9 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 11.0pt 11.0pt 11.0pt 11.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">#chmod 644 file.htm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; margin-left: 30pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This gives the file read/write by the owner
and only read by everyone else (-rw-r--r--).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; margin-left: 30pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Files such as scripts that need to be executed
need more permissions. Below is another example of a common permission given to
scripts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F2F2F2; border: solid #005CB9 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 242; mso-border-alt: solid #005CB9 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 11.0pt 11.0pt 11.0pt 11.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">#chmod 755 file.cgi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; margin-left: 30pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This would be the following
400+040+004+200+100+010+001 = 755 where you are giving all the rights except
the capability for anyone to write to the file.cgi file(-rwxr-xr-x).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F2F2F2; border: solid #005CB9 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 242; mso-border-alt: solid #005CB9 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 11.0pt 11.0pt 11.0pt 11.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; direction: ltr; padding: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">#chmod 666 file.txt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; margin-left: 30pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Finally, another common CHMOD permission is
666, as shown below, which is read and write by everyone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tip:</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The above commands are all done through the command line.
However, if you upload a file using <a href="http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/ftp.htm"><span style="color: #663366; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">FTP</span></a>these permissions can
also be adjusted through many FTP clients by right-clicking the file and
choosing permissions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8401614260801307248" name="05"></a><b><u><span style="color: #005cb9; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Additional information<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Below is an example of how a file may be listed when typing ( ls
-l ) at the prompt as well as information on how to interpret it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-rw-rw-r-- 1 hope 123 Feb 03
15:36 file.txt</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: #E5E5E5; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 1.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 608px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 45.3pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rw<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rw-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 37.95pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">r--<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 36.2pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 54.1pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hope<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 45.7pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">123<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 67.85pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Feb
03 15:36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 66.55pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">file.txt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 109.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 109.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 5.65pt 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">File<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 109.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 5.65pt 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">owner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 109.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 5.65pt 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">group<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 109.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 37.95pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 5.65pt 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">everyone else<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 109.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 36.2pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 5.65pt 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">links<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 109.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 54.1pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 5.65pt 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">owner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 109.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 45.7pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 5.65pt 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">size<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 109.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 67.85pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 5.65pt 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mod date<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 109.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt; width: 66.55pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 5.65pt 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">file name<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8401614260801307248.post-23965228855173055322013-06-30T23:09:00.001+01:002013-06-30T23:09:39.868+01:00How to check a service is running or not in Linux?<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtK9hL81DnWeERfexQPUwF90vIqBXil-hrH0cw_4G-cOhKNk7fUCMYoe4lUunJsczSSYh9RFRuZjohyphenhyphenzKfPcgtHyGA2LsvPR5jwjgXMPvZh7BEQsanrnzMWYxNNnJd_PVstbyYHNEEQRvp/s800/screen_shot_2012-10-08_at_6.21.57_pm.png" height="240" width="320" /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">This is a small "How to" for checking a service is running in the server or not.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Some times we need to check the status of a service if its running or not to cross verify some thing on server.. Suppose you have edited your httpd.conf file and when restarting the service it just show start service is on. But when you try to get access to the web site the site is down. At that time we can use below command to check if Apache service is running or not..</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;">
<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Syntax:</span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;">
<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Method 1: Using service command</span></strong></div>
<div id="code" style="background-color: #eeeeee; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); clear: both; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;">
<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">#service servicename status</span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;">
<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Example:</span></strong></div>
<div id="code" style="background-color: #eeeeee; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); clear: both; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;">
<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">#service httpd status</span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">clipped output of the above command</span></div>
<div style="float: none; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div id="code" style="background-color: #eeeeee; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); clear: both; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;">
<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">httpd (pid 7474) is running…</span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Method 2:</strong> Using init.d scripts which are located in /etc/init.d folder</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;">
<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Example:</span></strong></div>
<div id="code" style="background-color: #eeeeee; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); clear: both; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;">
<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">/etc/init.d/cron status</span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Clipped output of init.d script:</span></div>
<div id="code" style="background-color: #eeeeee; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); clear: both; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;">
<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">cron start/running, process 1253</span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Method3:</strong> Using status command to check if the service is running or not</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Example:</span></div>
<div id="code" style="background-color: #eeeeee; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); clear: both; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;">
<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">status atd</span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;">
<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Output:</span></strong></div>
<div id="code" style="background-color: #eeeeee; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); clear: both; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;">
<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">atd start/running, process 1245</span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;">
<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">To check all the services state at a time use below command</span></strong></div>
<div id="code" style="background-color: #eeeeee; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); clear: both; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.833em; overflow: auto; padding: 0.667em 0.917em;">
<strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 17.125px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">#service –status-all</span></strong><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 17.125px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;">
</div>
</div>
<div>
<strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 17.125px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></strong></div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com